HRTD Medical Institute

Asthma Management

Asthma Management

Asthma Management. Mobile Phone Number 01987073965, 01797522136. Asthma management involves a combination of medication, following a written asthma action plan, and lifestyle adjustments like avoiding triggers. Inhalers, including preventers and/or reliever inhalers, are the primary treatment. A good management plan includes regular check-ups, staying active (with appropriate precautions), quitting smoking, maintaining a healthy weight, and managing other conditions like GERD or allergies.  

Asthma Management and Treatment

Asthma Management Topics are available in some courses of HRTD Medical Institute. These Courses are Paramedical Courses, DMA Courses, DMS Courses, DPM Courses, DMDS Course, PDT Courses and PGT Courses. All these courses are available in HRTD Medical Institute. These Course are important for First Aid Providers, Primary Treatment Providers, and Village Doctors ( Polly Chikitsok). HRTD Medical Institute is an Organization of HRTD Limited Which is Registered by The Govt of The Peoples Republic of Bangladesh.

Medication

  • Inhalers: The main treatment is breathing in medication through an inhaler.
    • Reliever inhalers: Used only when symptoms occur. 
    • Preventer inhalers: Used daily to help prevent symptoms. 
    • Maintenance and reliever therapy (MART): One inhaler used for both daily maintenance and when symptoms flare up. 
  • Other medications: Depending on the severity, other drugs like leukotriene modifiers or biologics may be prescribed. 
  • Inhaler technique: Proper technique is crucial for effective drug absorption, which involves inhaling deeply while pressing the inhaler and holding your breath for about 10 seconds afterward. 

Asthma action plan

  • Work with a healthcare provider to create a personalized, written asthma action plan. 
  • This plan provides instructions for routine management and what to do if symptoms worsen or an emergency occurs. 
  • Regular check-ups to review your symptoms, lung function, and action plan are essential. 

Lifestyle adjustments

  • Avoid triggers: Identify and avoid personal asthma triggers, which can include smoke, dust mites, and certain allergens. 
  • Exercise: Engage in regular physical activity, which can strengthen lungs. Talk to your doctor about a safe level of exercise and use medication as needed to prevent symptoms during activity. 
  • Healthy weight: Maintain a healthy weight, as being overweight can worsen asthma symptoms. 
  • Quitting smoking: Stop smoking and avoid all forms of tobacco and e-cigarette vapor. 
  • Other conditions: Treat other health issues that can impact asthma, such as hay fever, allergies, GERD, and sleep apnea. 
  • Sleep: Ensure you get enough quality sleep by establishing a regular sleep schedule and creating a calming bedtime routine. 

Definition of Asthma

Asthma is a chronic lung condition that causes inflammation and narrowing of the airways, leading to recurring episodes of wheezing, coughing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. Symptoms can vary from mild to severe and are often triggered by factors like allergens, exercise, or cold air. While there is no cure, asthma can be managed and controlled through medication, avoiding triggers, and having an action plan.  

Causes of Asthma

Asthma is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, leading to inflammation and narrowing of the airways. Risk factors include a family history of asthma or allergies, childhood respiratory infections, and exposure to secondhand smoke or air pollution. Triggers that can cause symptoms include allergens like pollen and dust mites, irritants like smoke and strong odors, respiratory infections, physical activity, and weather changes.  

Genetic and environmental factors

  • Family history: A family history of asthma or allergies increases your risk. 
  • Childhood factors: Lower birth weight, premature birth, and certain early childhood illnesses are linked to a higher risk of developing asthma. 
  • Environmental exposure: Early-life exposure to factors like secondhand smoke, air pollution, and certain substances at work can contribute to its development. 
  • Obesity: Being overweight or obese is a risk factor for developing and having more severe asthma. 

Common triggers for asthma attacks

  • Allergens: Airborne allergens like pollen, dust mites, mold spores, pet dander, and cockroach waste. 
  • Irritants: Air pollutants, smoke from tobacco or wood fires, and strong fumes or odors from chemicals, perfumes, or cleaning products. 
  • Respiratory infections: Illnesses like the common cold, flu, or COVID-19. 
  • Weather: Cold, dry air, sudden changes in weather, or high humidity. 
  • Physical activity: Exercise, particularly in cold air. 
  • Medications: Certain drugs, including some pain relievers like aspirin and other NSAIDs, and some beta-blockers. 
  • Strong emotions: Stress or other strong emotional responses can trigger symptoms. 
  • Food additives: Sulfites and other preservatives added to some foods and beverages. 

Clinical Feature of Asthma

The clinical manifestations of asthma are the cardinal symptoms of cough, wheezing, shortness of breath, and chest tightness. These symptoms can range from mild to severe and often occur in episodes, which may be triggered by factors like exercise, allergies, or cold air. Symptoms can also worsen at night or in the early morning. During a severe asthma attack, symptoms intensify and require immediate medical attention.  

Common symptoms

  • Coughing: Often worse at night, a cough can be a primary symptom. 
  • Wheezing: A high-pitched whistling or rattling sound, particularly when breathing out. 
  • Shortness of breath: Difficulty breathing, which can range from mild to severe, and may occur after exercise. 
  • Chest tightness: A feeling of pressure or squeezing in the chest, as if a rope is tightening around it. 

Other manifestations

  • Worsening symptoms at night or early morning: These episodes can disrupt sleep. 
  • Symptoms triggered by exercise: An asthma attack can be triggered by physical exertion. 
  • Difficulty talking: In severe cases, talking may be difficult. 
  • Signs of a severe attack: In addition to the cardinal symptoms, severe attacks may involve rapid breathing, a pale or sweaty face, and changes in skin color around the lips, fingertips, or nail beds, which may appear bluish or gray/white. 

Diagnosis of Asthma

Asthma is diagnosed through a combination of medical history, physical exam, and lung function tests, primarily spirometry, which measures how much air you can breathe out. A doctor will also consider your symptoms, family history, and may perform other tests like allergy tests, a peak flow test, or a FeNO test to confirm the diagnosis and identify triggers.  

Key diagnostic tools and tests

  • Spirometry: This is the most common and recommended test. You breathe forcefully into a device called a spirometer, which measures the amount of air you can inhale and exhale, and how fast you can do so. 
  • Peak flow test: You blow into a device called a peak flow meter to measure how fast you can exhale. This can help monitor asthma over time. 
  • FeNO test: A test that measures the level of nitric oxide in your breath, which can indicate airway inflammation and certain types of allergic asthma. 
  • Challenge test: If other tests are inconclusive, a doctor may have you breathe in a substance that irritates the airways. This test is done in a hospital and shows how sensitive your airways are. 
  • Allergy tests: Skin or blood tests can help determine if allergies to things like pollen, dust mites, or animal dander are triggering your symptoms. 
  • Treatment trial: Your doctor may have you start an asthma treatment to see if your symptoms improve, which can help confirm a diagnosis. 

What to expect during diagnosis

  • Medical and family history: Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, how often they occur, and any family history of asthma or allergies. 
  • Physical examination: A doctor will listen to your lungs for wheezing or other sounds and check for other signs like chest tightness. 
  • Symptom patterns: Your doctor will analyze the pattern of your symptoms, such as if they worsen at night or with exercise. 

Important considerations

  • Other conditions: Asthma symptoms can overlap with other respiratory conditions, so it’s important for a healthcare professional to rule out other diagnoses. 
  • No single test: There is no single test that can diagnose asthma; diagnosis is based on a combination of factors. 
  • Consult a doctor: Only a healthcare professional can provide an accurate diagnosis. If you are concerned you may have asthma, contact your doctor. 

Investigation for Asthma

Asthma investigation involves a combination of medical history, physical exam, and lung function tests like spirometry and peak flow measurements. Blood tests for eosinophils, a FeNO test to measure airway inflammation, and sometimes an allergy or CT scan of the sinuses may also be performed. Doctors also use a treatment trial, observing if asthma medications improve symptoms. 

Medical history and physical exam

  • Your doctor will ask about your symptoms, when they occur, and potential triggers.
  • They will perform a physical exam, which includes listening to your lungs. 

Lung function tests

  • Spirometry: You will breathe forcefully into a machine that measures how much air you can breathe out and how fast. A bronchodilator may be given, and the test repeated to see if your lung function improves. 
  • Peak flow meter: This is a handheld device that you use at home to measure how fast you can blow air out of your lungs. You may use it for several weeks to track your lung function and identify patterns. 
  • FeNO (fractional exhaled nitric oxide) test: This test measures the level of nitric oxide in your breath, which can indicate inflammation in your airways. 

Other potential tests

  • Blood test: Checks for a high number of eosinophils, a type of white blood cell associated with airway inflammation. 
  • Allergy testing: Can help identify triggers like pollen, dust mites, or pet dander. 
  • CT scan of sinuses: May be ordered if the doctor suspects a sinus infection (sinusitis), which can worsen asthma. 
  • Treatment trial: Your doctor may prescribe asthma medication and see if it improves your symptoms. 

Important considerations

  • There is no single test for asthma; diagnosis relies on a combination of factors. 
  • Diagnosing asthma in very young children can be difficult, and lung function tests are not possible for those under 5. 
  • Spirometry is not suitable for all patients, so your doctor will choose the most appropriate test(s) for you. 

CT scan of the sinuses

A sinus CT scan is a non-invasive imaging test that uses X-rays to create detailed cross-sectional pictures of the paranasal sinuses, the air-filled cavities in the bones of the face. This scan is the most reliable way to diagnose problems like sinusitis, inflammation, polyps, fluid, and anatomical blockages, helping doctors determine the best course of treatment. The procedure is quick and painless, though you may feel a slight warming sensation and a metallic taste if a contrast dye is used.  

What it is

  • Imaging technique: A CT scan takes multiple X-ray images from different angles to create detailed cross-sectional views of the sinuses, unlike a standard X-ray. 
  • Purpose: It is used to diagnose and evaluate a variety of sinus problems, including chronic sinusitis, inflammation, fluid buildup, polyps, and structural abnormalities. 
  • Accuracy: It is considered the most accurate and best imaging method for evaluating the sinuses. 

What to expect

  • Preparation: You should wear loose-fitting clothing and remove all metal jewelry, including hairpins and hearing aids, beforehand. You may be asked to avoid eating or drinking for a few hours, especially if contrast dye will be used. 
  • During the scan: You will lie on a table, and a scanner will rotate around your head to capture the images. The procedure is painless and usually takes less than 5 minutes, although the total appointment may take longer. 
  • Contrast dye: In some cases, a contrast material is injected through an IV to help highlight structures. This can cause a brief feeling of warmth and a metallic taste. 
  • After the scan: If contrast dye was used, you may be advised to drink extra fluids. You can return to your normal activities immediately. 

Why it’s used

  • Diagnosis: It helps diagnose sinus issues with high accuracy. 
  • Surgical planning: It is an integral part of planning for sinus surgery, providing a detailed “road map” of the anatomy for the surgeon. 
  • Treatment guidance: The detailed images help doctors create a tailored treatment plan for you. 

Why CT scan is important for Asthma Patient

A CT scan is important for asthma patients, especially those with severe or uncontrolled asthma, because it provides more detailed imaging than a chest X-ray, allowing doctors to identify structural changes in the airways. It can help diagnose complications like mucus plugs or bronchiectasis, rule out other conditions, and provide a better understanding of air trapping. This helps in making a correct diagnosis and developing a more effective treatment plan. 

Key reasons for importance

  • Detailed imaging: CT scans offer a much higher-resolution view of the airways and lung tissue compared to standard X-rays.
  • Diagnosis of complications: They can identify structural changes associated with severe asthma, such as thickened airway walls, mucus impaction, and bronchiectasis.
  • Differential diagnosis: CT scans help differentiate asthma from other conditions that may have similar symptoms or be mistaken for asthma, such as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA), or COPD.
  • Assessment of disease severity: In severe asthma, CT can reveal patterns of remodeling and air trapping that correlate with functional decline and disease severity.
  • Treatment planning: By identifying the specific structural issues, doctors can create more targeted treatment strategies for difficult-to-treat asthma cases. 

Why CT scan of sinuses is important for Asthma Patient

A CT scan is important for asthma patients to identify or rule out underlying chronic rhinosinusitis (sinusitis) and nasal polyps, which can worsen asthma control. It helps doctors diagnose and manage co-existing sinus conditions by showing inflammation, mucosal thickening, or polyps that require specific treatment. Identifying these issues is crucial for selecting the correct treatment, particularly certain types of biologics for severe, eosinophilic asthma with CRSwNP. 

Key reasons for CT scans in asthma patients

  • Diagnosing and assessing sinus disease: CT scans are the best tool for evaluating the paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity to find conditions like chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) or nasal polyps, which are common in patients with severe asthma.
  • Identifying “treatable traits”: The scan can identify specific issues like nasal polyps that are linked to a type of inflammation (type-2-predominant) that responds well to certain medical treatments, like biologic therapies.
  • Improving treatment decisions: By clearly showing the extent of sinus inflammation or obstruction, a CT scan helps doctors choose the most effective treatment plan, which may include a combination of therapies for both the sinuses and the lungs.
  • Monitoring treatment response: The scan can be used to monitor how well treatment for sinusitis is working, as demonstrated by improvement in CT scores over time.
  • Managing “upper and lower airway” disease simultaneously: The scan allows doctors to address both upper (sinus) and lower (lung) airway inflammation at the same time, which is crucial for achieving better asthma control. 

Why CT scan of lungs is important for Asthma Patient

A CT scan is important for asthma patients because it provides detailed anatomical information that helps identify structural changes, diagnose complications, and differentiate asthma from other conditions, especially in severe or difficult-to-treat cases. It can reveal issues like airway wall thickening, mucus plugs, air trapping, and bronchiectasis, which may not be visible on a standard chest X-ray. 

Detailed assessment of the lungs

  • Visualizes structural changes: CT scans show details like bronchial wall thickening and narrowing, which are key findings in asthma.
  • Identifies complications: It helps identify complications that worsen asthma, such as mucus plugs or bronchiectasis.
  • Detects air trapping: High-resolution CT (HRCT) can show signs of air trapping, indicating how effectively air is moving in and out of the lungs. 

Differential diagnosis

  • Rules out other conditions: CT scans help distinguish asthma from other diseases with similar symptoms, like emphysema, chronic bronchitis, or allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA).
  • Diagnoses comorbid conditions: It can identify other conditions that may be contributing to a patient’s poor asthma control, such as chronic rhinosinusitis or eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA). 

Monitoring and treatment planning

  • Assesses severity: CT scans can provide a more detailed assessment of asthma severity and disease progression over time.
  • Evaluates treatment response: Quantitative CT techniques are being studied to monitor the effectiveness of treatments by measuring changes in airway structure. 

How Pet dander trigger Asthma

Pet dander triggers asthma when a person’s immune system mistakenly identifies the allergens in dander, saliva, or urine as harmful, leading to inflammation and tightening of the airways. The immune response releases chemicals that cause symptoms like coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath, which are characteristic of an asthma attack. The microscopic dander particles can remain airborne, stick to furniture, and travel on clothing, making them difficult to avoid. 

The immune system’s response

  • Allergen identification: For someone with pet allergies, the immune system creates antibodies that incorrectly flag proteins in pet dander (tiny flakes of skin), saliva, or urine as dangerous.
  • Inflammatory response: The next time these allergens are encountered, the immune system overreacts and releases chemicals like histamine into the bloodstream.
  • Airway constriction: This chemical release leads to swelling in the airways and causes the muscles around them to tighten, which is the physical response that causes asthma symptoms. 

How dander affects the body

  • Airborne particles: Dander is very small and can stay airborne for long periods, especially with air circulation.
  • Surface contamination: It sticks to surfaces like clothing, carpets, and furniture, making it hard to get rid of.
  • Inhalation: When inhaled, these particles can trigger asthma symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath. 

What you can do

  • Reduce exposure: Keep pets out of the bedroom and off upholstered furniture.
  • Improve air quality: Use HEPA air cleaners and vacuum carpets and furniture regularly with a vacuum that has a HEPA filter.
  • Maintain cleanliness: Wash your hands after touching pets, wash bedding and clothes in hot water, and have someone else brush the pet outside to minimize dander release. 

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  • āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϜāύāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž: āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāϰ āϝāĻ–āύ āĻāχ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻœā§‡āύ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§āĻ–ā§‹āĻŽā§āĻ–āĻŋ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻ–āύ āϰ⧋āĻ— āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤāĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻšā§‡ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āϰāĻžāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āϛ⧇āĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀ āϏāĻ‚āϕ⧋āϚāύ: āĻāχ āϰāĻžāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĻ• āύāĻŋāσāϏāϰāϪ⧇āϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀āϤ⧇ āĻĢ⧁āϞ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϚāĻžāϰāĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āĻĒ⧇āĻļā§€āϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āϝāĻž āĻšāĻžāρāĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āϞāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻļāĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĨ¤ 

āϖ⧁āĻļāĻ•āĻŋ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰāϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇

  • āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āĻŖāĻž: āϖ⧁āĻļāĻ•āĻŋ āϖ⧁āĻŦāχ āϛ⧋āϟ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϧāϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧁āĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧁ āϏāĻžā§āϚāĻžāϞāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • āĻĒ⧃āĻˇā§āĻ  āĻĻā§‚āώāĻŖ: āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§‹āĻļāĻžāĻ•, āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĒ⧇āϟ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāϏāĻŦāĻžāĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻĒ⧃āĻˇā§āϠ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϞ⧇āϗ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āĻĒāϏāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ⧇āĨ¤
  • āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ-āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ: āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ-āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻšāϞ⧇, āĻāχ āĻ•āĻŖāĻžāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāρāĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āϞāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ āĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŋ, āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻ•āĻˇā§āϟ, āĻŦ⧁āϕ⧇ āϟāĻžāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻ•āĻˇā§āĻŸā§‡āϰ āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ 

āϤ⧁āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧋

  • āĻāĻ•ā§āϏāĻĒā§‹āϜāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāύ: āĻĒā§‹āώāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻļā§‹āĻŦāĻžāϰ āϘāϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĻā§‚āϰ⧇ āϰāĻžāϖ⧁āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāϏāĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āφāϏāĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĻā§‚āϰ⧇ āϰāĻžāϖ⧁āύāĨ¤
  • āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāύ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ: HEPA āĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻŋāύāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ­ā§āϝāĻžāϕ⧁āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĒ⧇āϟ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāϏāĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϰ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ āϝāĻžāϤ⧇ HEPA āĻĢāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āϟāĻžāϰ āφāϛ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻ­ā§āϝāĻžāϕ⧁āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻŋāύāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύāĨ¤
  • āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ-āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ›āĻ¨ā§āύāϤāĻž āĻŦāϜāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϰāĻžāϖ⧁āύ: āĻĒā§‹āώāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§€ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻžāϤ āϧ⧁āϝāĻŧ⧇ āύāĻŋāύ, āĻ—āϰāĻŽ āϜāϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ›āĻžāύāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻžāĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ āϧ⧁āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĢ⧇āϞ⧁āύ, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϖ⧁āĻļāĻ•āĻŋ āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•āĻžāωāϕ⧇ āĻĒā§‹āώāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻŖā§€āϟāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇ āĻŦā§āϰāĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦāϞ⧁āύāĨ¤ 

Biochemicals that are involved in Asthma

Biochemicals involved in asthma include

inflammatory mediators like histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins, which cause bronchoconstriction and swelling. Other key players are cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which promote inflammation and allergic responses. Additionally, IgE is a central molecule in the allergic pathway, and there are also biochemical changes involving molecules like periostin and enzymes such as eosinophil peroxidase

Inflammatory mediators 

  • Histamine: Released from mast cells, it causes smooth muscle contraction, increased vascular permeability, and mucus secretion.
  • Leukotrienes: Specifically, cysteinyl leukotrienes (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4) contribute to bronchoconstriction, mucus production, and inflammation.
  • Prostaglandins: Prostaglandin 6813c05a e436 42c5 838f 01542f956f10D2cap D sub 2𝐷2 (86ece2bc 77b1 4160 8996 c86629c0c14cPGD2cap P cap G cap D sub 2𝑃đē𝐷2) is released by mast cells and contributes to airway inflammation.
  • Bradykinin: Formed by the enzyme kalikrein, it can cause bronchoconstriction and increase vascular permeability. 

Cytokines and signaling molecules 

  • Interleukins (ILs):
    • IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13: These Th2 cytokines promote the production of IgE, activate eosinophils, and contribute to airway inflammation.
    • IL-33 and TSLP: These are signaling molecules that are significantly elevated in asthmatics and are linked to persistent airway inflammation and reduced lung function.
  • T-helper 2 (Th2) pathway: The activation of this immune pathway leads to the release of the aforementioned cytokines.
  • Periostin: Elevated levels are associated with IL-13 driven asthma and may indicate a patient who would benefit from therapies that block IL-4/IL-13. 

Antibodies and enzymes 

  • Immunoglobulin E (IgE): This antibody plays a central role in atopic asthma. It binds to mast cells, and upon re-exposure to an allergen, it triggers the release of inflammatory mediators.
  • Eosinophil Cationic Protein (ECP): A marker for eosinophil activity and asthma severity.
  • Eosinophil Peroxidase: Increased activity is associated with asthma.
  • Arginase: Increased activity is linked to asthma. 

Other biochemicals 

  • Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS): Eosinophils can release ROS during an inflammatory response.
  • Nitric Oxide (NO): Increased concentrations may occur in asthma, potentially binding to hemoglobin and reducing oxygen capacity. 

āĻšāĻžāρāĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϜāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϤ āϜ⧈āĻŦ āϰāĻžāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇

āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāύ, āϞāĻŋāωāϕ⧋āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āύāϏāĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϰ⧋āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāύ⧇āϰāĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϜāύāĻ• āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāϤāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ , āϝāĻž āĻŦā§āϰāĻ™ā§āϕ⧋āĻ•āύāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻļāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĢā§‹āϞāĻž āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āϖ⧇āϞ⧋āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ āĻšāϞ āϏāĻžāχāĻŸā§‹āĻ•āĻžāχāύ āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ IL-4, IL-5, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ IL-13, āϝāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāĻš āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻžāĻ°ā§āϜāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇, IgE āĻšāϞ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻžāĻ°ā§āϜāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāĻĨ⧇āϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻ…āϪ⧁, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒ⧇āϰāĻŋāĻ“āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻŋāύ⧇āϰāĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻ…āϪ⧁ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āχāĻ“āϏāĻŋāύ⧋āĻĢāĻŋāϞ āĻĒ⧇āϰ⧋āĻ•ā§āϏāĻŋāĻĄā§‡āϏ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻāύāϜāĻžāχāĻŽ āϜāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϤ āϜ⧈āĻŦ āϰāĻžāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύāĻ“ āϰāϝāĻŧ⧇āϛ⧇ āĨ¤ 

āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϜāύāĻ• āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāϤāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ 

  • āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāύ: āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϤ⧁āϞ āϕ⧋āώ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āύāĻŋāσāϏ⧃āϤ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϝāĻŧ, āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŽāϏ⧃āĻŖ āĻĒ⧇āĻļā§€ āϏāĻ‚āϕ⧋āϚāύ, āϰāĻ•ā§āϤāύāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝāϤāĻž āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āύāĻŋāσāϏāϰāĻŖ āϘāϟāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • āϞāĻŋāωāϕ⧋āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āύāϏ: āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϏāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āχāύāĻžāχāϞ āϞāĻŋāωāϕ⧋āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āύāϏ (LTC4, LTD4, LTE4) āĻŦā§āϰāĻ™ā§āϕ⧋āĻ•āύāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻļāύ, āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāĻšā§‡ āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āϰāĻžāϖ⧇āĨ¤
  • āĻĒā§āϰ⧋āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāύ: āĻĒā§āϰ⧋āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻ—ā§āĻ˛ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāύ f5d05646 f8ff 401d aa7b b625c9ca0f84D2cap D sub 2𝐷2 (16460a34 2a4c 407c 9bc0 460a993437d7PGD2cap P cap G cap D sub 2𝑃đē𝐷2) āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟ āϕ⧋āώ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āύāĻŋāσāϏ⧃āϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāĻšā§‡ āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āϰāĻžāϖ⧇āĨ¤
  • āĻŦā§āĻ°ā§āϝāĻžāĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋāύāĻŋāύ: āĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰ⧇āχāύ āĻāύāϜāĻžāχāĻŽ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āĻ—āĻ āĻŋāϤ, āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϰāĻ™ā§āϕ⧋āĻ•āύāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻļāύ āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤāύāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝāϤāĻž āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ 

āϏāĻžāχāĻŸā§‹āĻ•āĻžāχāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻ‚āϕ⧇āϤ āĻ…āϪ⧁ 

  • āχāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰāϞāĻŋāωāĻ•āĻŋāύāϏ (ILs):
    • IL-4, IL-5, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ IL-13: āĻāχ Th2 āϏāĻžāχāĻŸā§‹āĻ•āĻžāχāύāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ IgE āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύāϕ⧇ āĻ‰ā§ŽāϏāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āχāĻ“āϏāĻŋāύ⧋āĻĢāĻŋāϞ āϏāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāĻšā§‡ āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āϰāĻžāϖ⧇āĨ¤
    • IL-33 āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ TSLP: āĻāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻšāϞ āϏāĻ‚āϕ⧇āϤ āĻ…āϪ⧁ āϝāĻž āĻšāĻžāρāĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āϰ⧋āĻ—ā§€āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ–āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāĻš āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĢ⧁āϏāĻĢ⧁āϏ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻšā§āϰāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĨ¤
  • āϟāĻŋ-āĻšā§‡āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻžāϰ ⧍ (Th2) āĻĒāĻĨ: āĻāχ āϰ⧋āĻ— āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻ•āϰāϪ⧇āϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāϤ āϏāĻžāχāĻŸā§‹āĻ•āĻžāχāύ āύāĻŋāσāϏāϰāĻŖ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • āĻĒ⧇āϰāĻŋāĻ“āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻŋāύ: āωāĻšā§āϚ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰāĻž IL-13 āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāϰāĻž āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟ āĻšāĻžāρāĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āϰ⧋āĻ—ā§€āϕ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻ⧇āĻļ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āϝāĻŋāύāĻŋ IL-4/IL-13 āĻŦā§āϞāĻ• āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻĨ⧇āϰāĻžāĻĒāĻŋ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āωāĻĒāĻ•ā§ƒāϤ āĻšāĻŦ⧇āύāĨ¤ 

āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻŋāĻŦāĻĄāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāύāϜāĻžāχāĻŽ 

  • āχāĻŽāĻŋāωāύ⧋āĻ—ā§āϞ⧋āĻŦ⧁āϞāĻŋāύ āχ (IgE): āĻāχ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻŋāĻŦāĻĄāĻŋ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻŸā§‹āĻĒāĻŋāĻ• āĻšāĻžāρāĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϕ⧇āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟ āϕ⧋āώ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āφāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻœā§‡āύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻļ⧇ āφāϏāĻžāϰ āĻĒāϰ, āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϜāύāĻ• āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāϤāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āϏ⧂āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻĒāĻžāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
  • āχāĻ“āϏāĻŋāύ⧋āĻĢāĻŋāϞ āĻ•ā§āϝāĻžāϟāĻžāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰ⧋āϟāĻŋāύ (ECP): āχāĻ“āϏāĻŋāύ⧋āĻĢāĻŋāϞ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϞāĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻšāĻžāρāĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āϤ⧀āĻŦā§āϰāϤāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϚāĻŋāĻšā§āύāĻŋāϤāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āĨ¤
  • āχāĻ“āϏāĻŋāύ⧋āĻĢāĻŋāϞ āĻĒ⧇āϰ⧋āĻ•ā§āϏāĻŋāĻĄā§‡āϏ: āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϧāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϞāĻžāĻĒ āĻšāĻžāρāĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāϤāĨ¤
  • āφāĻ°ā§āϜāĻŋāύ⧇āϏ: āĻŦāĻ°ā§āϧāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϞāĻžāĻĒ āĻšāĻžāρāĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāϤāĨ¤ 

āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϜ⧈āĻŦ āϰāĻžāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ 

  • āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻļā§€āϞ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻŋāĻœā§‡āύ āĻĒā§āϰāϜāĻžāϤāĻŋ (ROS): āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϜāύāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āχāĻ“āϏāĻŋāύ⧋āĻĢāĻŋāϞāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ ROS āύāĻŋāσāϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
  • āύāĻžāχāĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻžāχāĻĄ (NO): āĻšāĻžāρāĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻāϰ āϘāύāĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻĒ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇, āϝāĻž āĻšāĻŋāĻŽā§‹āĻ—ā§āϞ⧋āĻŦāĻŋāύ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āφāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ•ā§āϏāĻŋāĻœā§‡āύ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻšā§āϰāĻžāϏ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ 

How histamine causes asthma ?

Histamine causes asthma by triggering airway smooth muscle contraction, increasing mucus production, and causing airway swelling (edema). During an allergic reaction, mast cells in the lungs release histamine, which binds to receptors (primarily H1 receptors) on airway smooth muscle, causing it to tighten and narrow the airways, making breathing difficult. This also stimulates excessive mucus and inflammation, worsening asthma symptoms. 

How histamine triggers asthma symptoms

  • Bronchoconstriction: Histamine stimulates airway smooth muscles to contract, leading to a narrowing of the airways, known as bronchoconstriction.
  • Mucus production: It prompts the lungs to produce more mucus, which can clog the airways.
  • Airway swelling: Histamine can lead to airway mucosal edema, which is the swelling of the lining of the airways, further obstructing airflow.
  • Inflammation: The release of histamine is part of the broader inflammatory response in the lungs, which can involve other immune cells and mediators that contribute to asthma’s chronic inflammation.
  • Vagal nerve stimulation: Histamine can also indirectly cause bronchoconstriction by stimulating afferent vagal fibers in the airways. 

āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāύ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀āϰ āĻŽāϏ⧃āĻŖ āĻĒ⧇āĻļā§€ āϏāĻ‚āϕ⧋āϚāύ, āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀āϰ āĻĢā§‹āϞāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ (āĻāĻĄāĻŋāĻŽāĻž) āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻšāĻžāρāĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĨ¤ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻžāĻ°ā§āϜāĻŋāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ, āĻĢ⧁āϏāĻĢ⧁āϏ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟ āϕ⧋āώāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāύ āύāĻŋāσāϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϝāĻž āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀āϰ āĻŽāϏ⧃āĻŖ āĻĒ⧇āĻļā§€āϤ⧇ āϰāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻĒā§āϟāϰāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ (āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ H1 āϰāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻĒā§āϟāϰ) āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āφāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀āϕ⧇ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻ‚āϕ⧁āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āύāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻ…āϏ⧁āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϕ⧇āĻ“ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻā§€āĻĒāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϝāĻž āĻšāĻžāρāĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āϞāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϕ⧇ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻ–āĻžāϰāĻžāĻĒ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ 

āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāύ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻšāĻžāρāĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āϞāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻ—āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇

  • āĻŦā§āϰāĻ™ā§āϕ⧋āĻ•āύāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻļāύ: āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāύ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀āϰ āĻŽāϏ⧃āĻŖ āĻĒ⧇āĻļā§€āϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āϕ⧋āϚāύ⧇ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻā§€āĻĒāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀ āϏāĻ‚āϕ⧁āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϝāĻž āĻŦā§āϰāĻ™ā§āϕ⧋āĻ•āύāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻļāύ āύāĻžāĻŽā§‡ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻŋāϤāĨ¤
  • āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ: āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻĢ⧁āϏāĻĢ⧁āϏāϕ⧇ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϰ⧋āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϝāĻž āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
  • āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻĢ⧁āϞ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž: āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀āϤ⧇ āĻŽāĻŋāωāϕ⧋āϏāĻžāϞ āĻāĻĄāĻŋāĻŽāĻž āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇, āϝāĻž āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀āϰ āφāĻ¸ā§āϤāϰāϪ⧇āϰ āĻĢ⧁āϞ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž, āϝāĻž āĻŦāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧁āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻšāϕ⧇ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻžāĻ—ā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
  • āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāĻš: āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāύ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāσāϏāϰāĻŖ āĻĢ⧁āϏāĻĢ⧁āϏ⧇āϰ āĻŦ⧃āĻšāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϜāύāĻ• āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ, āϝāĻž āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϰ⧋āĻ— āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧāĻ• āϕ⧋āώ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāϤāĻžāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϜāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āϝāĻž āĻšāĻžāρāĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāĻšā§‡ āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āϰāĻžāϖ⧇āĨ¤
  • āĻ­ā§āϝāĻžāĻ—āĻžāϞ āĻ¸ā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧁ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻā§€āĻĒāύāĻž: āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāύ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀āϤ⧇ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻĢ⧇āϰ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻ­ā§āϝāĻžāĻ—āĻžāϞ āĻĢāĻžāχāĻŦāĻžāϰāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϕ⧇ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻā§€āĻĒāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĒāϰ⧋āĻ•ā§āώāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŦā§āϰāĻ™ā§āϕ⧋āĻ•āύāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻļāύ āϘāϟāĻžāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ 

How Leukotrienes cause Asthma

Leukotrienes cause asthma by

causing bronchoconstriction, inflammation, and increased mucus production in the airways. When released during an asthma trigger like an allergen, these molecules bind to specific receptors on airway smooth muscle, causing it to contract and narrow the airways, leading to breathing difficulties. They also increase blood vessel permeability and inflammation in the lungs and draw more inflammatory cells, such as eosinophils, to the area. 

How leukotrienes cause asthma symptoms 

  • Bronchoconstriction: Leukotrienes, particularly cysteinyl leukotrienes (d6391048 fead 420f b6bf 5bb740a45e7cCysLTscap C y s cap L cap T sđļđ‘Ļ𝑠đŋ𝑇𝑠), are potent constrictors of airway smooth muscles, leading to the narrowing of the airways.
  • Inflammation: They attract inflammatory cells like eosinophils to the airways, which contributes to long-term airway hypersensitivity and swelling.
  • Increased mucus production: Leukotrienes stimulate the secretion of mucus, which can further obstruct the airways.
  • Increased vascular permeability: They make blood vessels in the airways more permeable, which can lead to swelling (edema) in the airway walls.
  • Reduced mucociliary clearance: This effect impairs the lungs’ ability to clear mucus and debris, making breathing more difficult. 

Leukotrienes in the asthma cycle 

  • Triggering: During an asthma attack, mast cells release leukotrienes.
  • Action: These leukotrienes then bind to receptors on other cells, including airway smooth muscle.
  • Symptoms: This triggers the cascade of effects that lead to bronchoconstriction, inflammation, and mucus production, resulting in an asthma attack.
  • Chronic asthma: In chronic asthma, leukotrienes can contribute to the general hyperresponsiveness of the airways by attracting eosinophils that also produce leukotrienes. 

āϞāĻŋāωāϕ⧋āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āύāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ

āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀āϤ⧇āĻŦā§āϰāĻ™ā§āϕ⧋āĻ•āύāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻļāύ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύāĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻšāĻžāρāĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĨ¤ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻœā§‡āύ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻšāĻžāρāĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻ—āĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āĻāχ āĻ…āϪ⧁āϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻŽāϏ⧃āĻŖ āĻĒ⧇āĻļā§€āϰ āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āϰāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻĒā§āϟāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āφāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀ āϏāĻ‚āϕ⧁āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻ‚āϕ⧁āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāĻ•āĻˇā§āϟ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻĢ⧁āϏāĻĢ⧁āϏ⧇ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤāύāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝāϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāĻš āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āχāĻ“āϏāĻŋāύ⧋āĻĢāĻŋāϞ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϜāύāĻ• āϕ⧋āώāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻ“āχ āĻ…āĻžā§āϚāϞ⧇ āĻŸā§‡āύ⧇ āφāύ⧇āĨ¤ 

āϞāĻŋāωāϕ⧋āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āύ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻšāĻžāρāĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āϞāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇ 

  • āĻŦā§āϰāĻ™ā§āϕ⧋āĻ•āύāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻļāύ: āϞāĻŋāωāϕ⧋āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāύ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϏāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āχāύāĻžāχāϞ āϞāĻŋāωāϕ⧋āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāύ (fc402af1 79ef 436e 8fe9 31212dd00fc5CysLTscap C y s cap L cap T sđļđ‘Ļ𝑠đŋ𝑇𝑠), āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀āϰ āĻŽāϏ⧃āĻŖ āĻĒ⧇āĻļā§€āϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āϏāĻ‚āϕ⧋āϚāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀, āϝāĻž āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀āϕ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āϕ⧁āϚāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
  • āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāĻš: āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āχāĻ“āϏāĻŋāύ⧋āĻĢāĻŋāϞ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāĻšāϜāύāĻ• āϕ⧋āώāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀āϤ⧇ āφāĻ•āĻ°ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϝāĻž āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀āϤ⧇ āĻ…āϤāĻŋ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύāĻļā§€āϞāϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĢā§‹āϞāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āϏ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
  • āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ: āϞāĻŋāωāϕ⧋āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āύāϏ āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āύāĻŋāσāϏāϰāĻŖāϕ⧇ āωāĻĻā§āĻĻā§€āĻĒāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϝāĻž āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀āϕ⧇ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāϧāĻžāĻ—ā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
  • āϰāĻ•ā§āϤāύāĻžāϞ⧀āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝāϤāĻž āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ: āĻāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀āϰ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤāύāĻžāϞ⧀āϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϕ⧇ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦ⧇āĻļāϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤ⧋āϞ⧇, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀āϰ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĻžāϞ⧇ āĻĢā§‹āϞāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ (āĻāĻĄāĻŋāĻŽāĻž) āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
  • āĻŽāĻŋāωāϕ⧋āϏāĻŋāϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰāĻŋ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϏ āĻšā§āϰāĻžāϏ: āĻāχ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ āĻĢ⧁āϏāĻĢ⧁āϏ⧇āϰ āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āϏāĻžāĻŦāĻļ⧇āώ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻžāϕ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻšāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ-āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ⧇āĨ¤ 

āĻšāĻžāρāĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āϚāĻ•ā§āϰ⧇ āϞāĻŋāωāϕ⧋āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āύāϏ 

  • āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻ—āĻžāϰ: āĻšāĻžāρāĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āφāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāϪ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ, āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§āϟ āϕ⧋āώāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āϞāĻŋāωāϕ⧋āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āύ āύāĻŋāσāϏāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤
  • āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž: āĻāχ āϞāĻŋāωāϕ⧋āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇āύāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āϤāĻ–āύ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀āϰ āĻŽāϏ⧃āĻŖ āĻĒ⧇āĻļā§€ āϏāĻš āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϕ⧋āώ⧇āϰ āϰāĻŋāϏ⧇āĻĒā§āϟāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āφāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • āϞāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖ: āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϰāĻ™ā§āϕ⧋āĻ•āύāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻļāύ, āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāĻš āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāϚāĻžāϞāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŽāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϧāĻŽāĻžāύ āϏ⧂āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻĒāĻžāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻšāĻžāρāĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϰ āφāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ āĻšāĻžāρāĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ: āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ āĻšāĻžāρāĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋāϤ⧇, āϞāĻŋāωāϕ⧋āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāύāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āχāĻ“āϏāĻŋāύ⧋āĻĢāĻŋāϞāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϕ⧇ āφāĻ•āĻ°ā§āώāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀āϰ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻšāĻžāχāĻĒāĻžāϰāϰāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāύāϏāĻŋāĻ­āύ⧇āϏ⧇ āĻ…āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāύ āϰāĻžāĻ–āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āϝāĻž āϞāĻŋāωāϕ⧋āĻŸā§āϰāĻŋāύāĻ“ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ 

How Prostaglandins cause Asthma?

Prostaglandins contribute to asthma

by causing inflammation and bronchoconstriction, with different types having opposing effects. For example, prostaglandin

32bbab46 1811 432d b6ec d125b23e9878D2cap D sub 2𝐷2 (

6e5bc085 7e9f 4c5b 87be f388e9cea496PGD2cap P cap G cap D sub 2𝑃đē𝐷2), released by mast cells during an allergic reaction, triggers inflammatory cells to accumulate in the lungs, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory substances that worsen asthma symptoms. While prostaglandins like

06b6e77d 380d 4b73 b1cc 1e180e81056ePGE2cap P cap G cap E sub 2𝑃đē𝐸2 can act as bronchodilators and reduce inflammation, the imbalance caused by an overproduction of other prostaglandins can lead to a “bronchospastic stimulus”. 

Mechanisms of action 

  • Inflammation: 9426fc8a 7d1c 433b 882a de1ce4e0144bPGD2cap P cap G cap D sub 2𝑃đē𝐷2 attracts and activates key immune cells like T helper 2 (46819ae5 bee0 490b 9d30 8061b2eba35fTH2cap T sub cap H 2𝑇đģ2) cells and eosinophils, which release inflammatory cytokines and enzymes that damage lung tissue, cause mucus buildup, and lead to airway hyper-responsiveness.
  • Bronchoconstriction: Some prostaglandins, like beac0d30 6ce9 488c a436 5764aee1e030PGFcap P cap G cap F𝑃đē𝐹 compounds, act as bronchoconstrictors, causing the smooth muscles in the airways to tighten. d613ad79 86a2 4471 ae3f a8f34b417ae7PGD2cap P cap G cap D sub 2𝑃đē𝐷2 also has this effect, which narrows the airways and makes breathing difficult.
  • Increased vascular permeability: Prostaglandins can increase blood flow and the permeability of blood vessels in the lungs, which leads to edema (swelling) that can further obstruct the airways.
  • Imbalance of prostaglandins: The overall effect of prostaglandins is often a result of an imbalance. For example, e807ff52 7800 4aa3 b916 edcd2c3d1c09PGE2cap P cap G cap E sub 2𝑃đē𝐸2 can have a protective effect by preventing bronchoconstriction from other triggers like histamine, but this balance can be upset in individuals with asthma.

Prostaglandins in different parts of the asthma cycle 

  • Asthma triggers: In an allergic reaction, mast cells are activated by allergens and release a cascade of mediators, including b2f97665 9e53 469f a8da e2047194bc9fPGD2cap P cap G cap D sub 2𝑃đē𝐷2.
  • Early response: The released prostaglandins contribute to the immediate bronchoconstriction and inflammation that characterize an asthma attack.
  • Ongoing inflammation: The inflammatory cells recruited by prostaglandins continue to release inflammatory mediators, contributing to the chronic inflammation of the airways seen in asthma. 

How to control mucus layer of Upper Respiratory Tract?

Controlling the mucus layer in the upper respiratory tract (URT) involves a combination of hydration, humidification, and lifestyle changes, along with over-the-counter or prescription medications if necessary. The primary goal is to keep the mucus thin and mobile so that the body’s natural defense mechanisms (like cilia and coughing) can clear it effectively. 

Lifestyle and Home Remedies

These methods help maintain the normal function and hydration of the mucous membranes. 

  • Stay Hydrated: Drink plenty of fluids, especially water and warm liquids like broth or tea. Proper hydration keeps mucus thin and less sticky, making it easier to move and clear.
  • Humidify the Air: Use a humidifier or steam vaporizer in your home, especially in the bedroom, to add moisture to dry air. Breathing moist air helps soothe irritated airways and keeps mucus from drying out. Inhaling steam from a hot shower or a bowl of hot water can also provide quick relief.
  • Avoid Irritants: Steer clear of environmental irritants like smoke (including secondhand smoke), strong fragrances, chemicals, and pollution, which can irritate mucous membranes and trigger increased mucus production.
  • Quit Smoking: Smoking paralyzes the cilia (tiny hair-like cells that move mucus out of the airways) and causes the body to produce thicker, more abundant mucus. Quitting smoking is one of the most effective ways to restore normal mucus function.
  • Elevate Your Head: Sleeping with your head propped up on pillows can help prevent mucus from pooling in the back of your throat.
  • Gargle with Salt Water: Gargling with warm salt water can help clear mucus from the back of the throat and soothe irritation.
  • Use Saline Nasal Rinses: A saline nasal spray or a neti pot can flush mucus and allergens out of your nasal passages and sinuses. 

Airway Clearance Techniques

For stubborn or excess mucus, specific techniques can aid removal:

  • Controlled Coughing/Huffing: Instead of harsh, uncontrolled coughing, try “huff coughing.” Inhale deeply, tense your stomach muscles, and exhale quickly in three short bursts, making a “ha” sound. This helps move mucus from smaller airways to larger ones where it can be coughed up more effectively.
  • Physical Exercise: Regular physical activity increases breathing rate and air flow, which can help loosen and move mucus out of the lungs and airways. 

Medications

Over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription options are available to manage excessive mucus: 

  • Expectorants: OTC medications containing guaifenesin (e.g., Mucinex) thin and loosen mucus, making it easier to cough up.
  • Mucolytics: These drugs, such as hypertonic saline (inhaled via a nebulizer) or dornase alfa (prescription for chronic conditions like cystic fibrosis), directly break down the chemical bonds within mucus to reduce its viscosity.
  • Antihistamines/Decongestants: If excess mucus is due to allergies, antihistamines can help. However, some decongestants may dry secretions too much, making mucus difficult to expel, so use with caution and consult a healthcare provider.
  • Bronchodilators: For conditions like asthma or COPD, a doctor may prescribe bronchodilators to open the airways, which can also improve mucus clearance. 

When to See a Doctor

While most cases of excess mucus are manageable with home care, consult a healthcare professional if: 

  • You experience a significant increase in mucus production or a change in its color (green or yellow), which may indicate an infection.
  • Your cough lasts for more than a couple of weeks.
  • You have difficulty breathing, chest pain, or bloody mucus. 

Addressing the underlying cause, whether it’s an infection, allergies, or a chronic condition, is crucial for effective long-term control. 

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āĻœā§€āĻŦāύāϧāĻžāϰāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϘāϰ⧋āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāϰ

āĻāχ āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻšāĻžāχāĻĄā§āϰ⧇āĻļāύ āĻŦāϜāĻžāϝāĻŧ āϰāĻžāĻ–āϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ 

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  • āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏāϕ⧇ āφāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ: āĻļ⧁āĻˇā§āĻ• āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏ⧇ āφāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āϰāϤāĻž āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϤ⧇, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻļā§‹āĻŦāĻžāϰ āϘāϰ⧇, āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāωāĻŽāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻĢāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸ā§āϟāĻŋāĻŽ āĻ­ā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§‹āϰāĻžāχāϜāĻžāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύāĨ¤ āφāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻœā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāĻĒā§‹āĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀āϕ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻļāĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āĻļ⧁āĻ•āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻ—āϰāĻŽ āĻļāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŦāĻž āĻ—āϰāĻŽ āϜāϞ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāϟāĻŋ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻˇā§āĻĒ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡āĻ“ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āφāϰāĻžāĻŽ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
  • āĻœā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāĻĒā§‹āĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϚāϞ⧁āύ: āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻ—āϤ āĻœā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāĻĒā§‹āĻĄāĻŧāĻž āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ āϧ⧋āρāϝāĻŧāĻž (āĻĒāϰāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āϧ⧋āρāϝāĻŧāĻž āϏāĻš), āϤ⧀āĻŦā§āϰ āϏ⧁āĻ—āĻ¨ā§āϧāĻŋ, āϰāĻžāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻā§‚āώāĻŖ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻĻā§‚āϰ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧁āύ, āϝāĻž āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āϞāĻŋāϕ⧇ āĻœā§āĻŦāĻžāϞāĻžāĻĒā§‹āĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
  • āϧ⧂āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāύ āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ: āϧ⧂āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāύ āϏāĻŋāϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž (āϛ⧋āϟ āϚ⧁āϞ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āϕ⧋āώ āϝāĻž āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧ) āĻĒāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāϘāĻžāϤāĻ—ā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļāϰ⧀āϰāϕ⧇ āϘāύ, āφāϰāĻ“ āĻĒā§āϰāϚ⧁āϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāϪ⧇ āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ­āĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋāϤāĻž āĻĒ⧁āύāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŦāĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰ āωāĻĒāĻžāϝāĻŧāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻšāϞ āϧ⧂āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāύ āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻžāĻ— āĻ•āϰāĻžāĨ¤
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  • āĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻžāχāύ āύāĻžāϏāĻžāϞ āϰāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āϏ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ: āĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻžāχāύ āύāĻžāϏāĻžāϞ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒā§āϰ⧇ āĻŦāĻžÂ āύ⧇āϟāĻŋ āĻĒāĻŸÂ āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āύāĻžāϕ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻĨ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻžāχāύāĻžāϏ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻœā§‡āύ āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤Â 

āĻāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰāĻ“āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ•ā§āϞāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ⧇āĻ¨ā§āϏ āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞ

āĻāĻ•āϗ⧁āρāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦāĻž āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āĻ…āĻĒāϏāĻžāϰāϪ⧇, āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇:

  • āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŋ/āĻšāĻžāĻĢāĻŋāĻ‚: āϤ⧀āĻŦā§āϰ, āĻ…āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧇, “āĻšāĻžāĻĢāĻŋāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŋ” āĻšā§‡āĻˇā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āϰ⧁āύāĨ¤ āĻ—āĻ­ā§€āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āύāĻŋāύ, āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āĻĒ⧇āĻŸā§‡āϰ āĻĒ⧇āĻļā§€āϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϟāĻžāύ āĻĻāĻŋāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ “āĻšāĻž” āĻļāĻŦā§āĻĻ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤāĻŋāύāϟāĻŋ āϛ⧋āϟ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĢā§‹āϰāϪ⧇ āĻĻā§āϰ⧁āϤ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āĻ›āĻžāĻĄāĻŧ⧁āύāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āϛ⧋āϟ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦ⧃āĻšāĻ¤ā§āϤāϰ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀āϤ⧇ āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϝ⧇āĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻāϟāĻŋ āφāϰāĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĻĻ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϝ⧇āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
  • āĻļāĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻžāĻŽ: āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻļāĻžāϰ⧀āϰāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϞāĻžāĻĒ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ-āĻĒā§āϰāĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻš āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϝāĻž āĻĢ⧁āϏāĻĢ⧁āϏ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āφāϞāĻ—āĻž āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤Â 

āĻ“āώ⧁āϧ

āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāϪ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ“āĻ­āĻžāϰ-āĻĻā§āϝ-āĻ•āĻžāωāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϰ (OTC) āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āϏāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāĻĒāĻļāύ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻ˛ā§āĻĒāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧ: 

  • āĻ•āĻĢ⧇āϰ āĻ”āώāϧ:āϗ⧁āϝāĻŧāĻžāχāĻĢ⧇āύ⧇āϏāĻŋāĻ¨Â (āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ, āĻŽāĻŋāωāϏāĻŋāύ⧇āĻ•ā§āĻ¸Â ) āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀ āĻ“āϟāĻŋāϏāĻŋ āĻ“āώ⧁āĻ§Â āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϤāϞāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāϞāĻ—āĻž āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŋ āϏāĻšāϜ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • āĻŽāĻŋāωāϕ⧋āϞāĻžāχāϟāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϏ: āĻāχ āĻ“āώ⧁āϧāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ, āϝ⧇āĻŽāύ āĻšāĻžāχāĻĒāĻžāϰāĻŸā§‹āύāĻŋāĻ• āĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻžāχāύ (āύ⧇āĻŦ⧁āϞāĻžāχāϜāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āύ⧇āĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž) āĻŦāĻž āĻĄā§‹āϰāύ⧇āϏ āφāϞāĻĢāĻž (āϏāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻŋāĻ• āĻĢāĻžāχāĻŦā§āϰ⧋āϏāĻŋāϏ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĒā§āϰ⧇āϏāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāĻĒāĻļāύ), āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āϰāϤāĻž āĻ•āĻŽāĻžāϤ⧇ āϏāϰāĻžāϏāϰāĻŋ āϰāĻžāϏāĻžāϝāĻŧāύāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧāύ āϭ⧇āϙ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻŋāĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻŽāĻžāχāύ/āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āύāĻœā§‡āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϟ: āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻžāĻ°ā§āϜāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻŋāĻšāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻžāĻŽāĻžāχāύ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϤāĻŦ⧇, āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ•āύāĻœā§‡āĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϟ āĻ¸ā§āϰāĻžāĻŦāϕ⧇ āϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻļ⧁āĻ•āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻ•āĻ āĻŋāύ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ⧇, āϤāĻžāχ āϏāĻžāĻŦāϧāĻžāύāϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āϝāϏ⧇āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύāĨ¤
  • āĻŦā§āϰāĻ™ā§āϕ⧋āĻĄāĻžāχāϞ⧇āϟāϰ: āĻšāĻžāρāĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŋāĻ“āĻĒāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ, āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻĄāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤāĻžāϰ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏāύāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻ–ā§‹āϞāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻŦā§āϰāĻ™ā§āϕ⧋āĻĄāĻžāχāϞ⧇āϟāϰ āϞāĻŋāϖ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύ, āϝāĻž āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āύāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāĻļāύāϕ⧇āĻ“ āωāĻ¨ā§āύāϤ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤Â 

āĻ•āĻ–āύ āĻĄāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻ•āϰāĻŦ⧇āύ

āϝāĻĻāĻŋāĻ“ āĻ…āϤāĻŋāϰāĻŋāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋāϰāĻ­āĻžāĻ— āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āχ āϘāϰ⧋āϝāĻŧāĻž āϚāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāϏāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻ­āĻŦ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āύāĻŋāĻŽā§āύāϞāĻŋāĻ–āĻŋāϤ āĻ•ā§āώ⧇āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āϝāϏ⧇āĻŦāĻž āĻĒ⧇āĻļāĻžāĻĻāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ: 

  • āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āĻ‰ā§ŽāĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ⧇ āωāĻ˛ā§āϞ⧇āĻ–āϝ⧋āĻ—ā§āϝ āĻŦ⧃āĻĻā§āϧāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻāϰ āϰāĻ™ (āϏāĻŦ⧁āϜ āĻŦāĻž āĻšāϞ⧁āĻĻ) āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤāύ āĻ…āύ⧁āĻ­āĻŦ āĻ•āϰāĻž āωāϚāĻŋāϤ, āϝāĻž āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāϪ⧇āϰ āχāĻ™ā§āĻ—āĻŋāϤ āĻĻāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤
  • āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĻ•āϝāĻŧ⧇āĻ• āϏāĻĒā§āϤāĻžāĻšā§‡āϰāĻ“ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϧāϰ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤
  • āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāϏ āύāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻ•āĻˇā§āϟ āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇, āĻŦ⧁āϕ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻĨāĻž āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇, āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āϰāĻ•ā§āϤāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇āĨ¤Â 

āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻŽā§‡āϝāĻŧāĻžāĻĻā§€ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰāϪ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ, āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϤāĻ°ā§āύāĻŋāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ, āϤāĻž āϏ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ, āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻžāĻ°ā§āϜāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻĻā§€āĻ°ā§āϘāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāϝāĻŧā§€ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āϝāĻžāχ āĻšā§‹āĻ• āύāĻž āϕ⧇āύ, āϤāĻžāϰ āϏāĻŽāĻžāϧāĻžāύ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤ 

What is Neti pot?

A neti pot is a nasal irrigation device, resembling a small teapot, that uses a saline (saltwater) solution to rinse mucus and debris from the nasal passages. It is used to relieve congestion from colds, allergies, and sinus infections, as well as to moisturize nasal passages from dry air. Proper and safe use requires using sterile, distilled, or previously boiled water to avoid serious infection. 

How a neti pot works

  • Flushes out mucus: You tilt your head and pour the saline solution from the neti pot spout into one nostril.
  • Flows through nasal cavity: The solution flows through the nasal cavity and drains out of the other nostril.
  • Relieves symptoms: This helps to clear out allergens, dust, and loose mucus, reducing symptoms like a stuffy nose and sinus pressure. 

Safety and usage tips

  • Use safe water: Always use distilled, sterile, or previously boiled and cooled water to prevent the risk of serious infections.
  • Clean the device: Thoroughly wash and dry the neti pot after each use.
  • Wash hands: Wash and dry your hands before and after using the device.
  • Consult a doctor: Talk to a healthcare provider before using a neti pot, especially if you have a compromised immune system or have had recent nasal surgery.
  • Make your own solution: You can make a saline solution by mixing non-iodized powdered salt with boiled water, but make a fresh batch each time. 

āύ⧇āϟāĻŋ āĻĒāϟ āĻšāĻ˛Â āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻžāĻ• āϏ⧇āĻšā§‡āϰ āϝāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ, āϝāĻž āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϛ⧋āϟ āϚāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋, āϝāĻž āϞāĻŦāĻŖāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤ (āϞāĻŦāĻŖ āϜāϞ) āĻĻā§āϰāĻŦāĻŖ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύāĻžāϕ⧇āϰ āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻ‚āϏāĻžāĻŦāĻļ⧇āώ āϧ⧁āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĢ⧇āϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤āĻāϟāĻŋ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋ, āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻžāĻ°ā§āϜāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻžāχāύāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āϰāĻ•ā§āϤāĻ•ā§āώāϰāĻŖ āĻĻā§‚āϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻļ⧁āĻˇā§āĻ• āĻŦāĻžāϤāĻžāϏ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āύāĻžāĻ•āϕ⧇ āφāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšā§ƒāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āϤāϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāĻŖ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϤ⧇ āϏāĻ āĻŋāĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻžāϪ⧁āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤ, āĻĒāĻžāϤāĻŋāϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇ āĻĢ⧁āϟāĻžāύ⧋ āϜāϞ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϝāĻŧā§‹āϜāύāĨ¤Â 

āύ⧇āϟāĻŋ āĻĒāϟ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇

  • āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āĻŦ⧇āϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧ: āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻž āĻ•āĻžāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āύ⧇āϟāĻŋ āĻĒāϟ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻžāωāϟ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻžāχāύ⧇āϰ āĻĻā§āϰāĻŦāĻŖ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāĻžāϕ⧇āϰ āĻ›āĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ⧇ āĻĸ⧇āϞ⧇ āĻĻāĻŋāύāĨ¤
  • āύāĻžāϕ⧇āϰ āĻ—āĻšā§āĻŦāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ: āĻĻā§āϰāĻŦāĻŖāϟāĻŋ āύāĻžāϕ⧇āϰ āĻ—āĻšā§āĻŦāϰ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāĻŦāĻžāĻšāĻŋāϤ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝ āύāĻžāϕ⧇āϰ āĻ›āĻŋāĻĻā§āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦ⧇āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāϝāĻŧāĨ¤
  • āϞāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āωāĻĒāĻļāĻŽ āĻ•āϰ⧇: āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāϞāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻœā§‡āύ, āϧ⧁āϞ⧋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āφāϞāĻ—āĻž āĻļā§āϞ⧇āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϝāĻž āύāĻžāĻ• āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āϧ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻžāχāύāĻžāϏ⧇āϰ āϚāĻžāĻĒ⧇āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āϞāĻ•ā§āώāĻŖāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻšā§āϰāĻžāϏ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤Â 

āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻ¤ā§āϤāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϟāĻŋāĻĒāϏ

  • āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ: āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āϤāϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŽāϪ⧇āϰ āĻā§āρāĻ•āĻŋ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϤ⧇ āϏāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻĻāĻž āĻĒāĻžāϤāĻŋāϤ, āĻœā§€āĻŦāĻžāϪ⧁āĻŽā§āĻ•ā§āϤ, āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŦ⧇ āĻĢ⧁āϟāĻžāύ⧋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻĒāĻžāύāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύāĨ¤
  • āĻĄāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāχāϏāϟāĻŋ āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ•āĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ: āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āύ⧇āϟāĻŋ āĻĒāϟāϟāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϧ⧁āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻļ⧁āĻ•āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āύāĻŋāύāĨ¤
  • āĻšāĻžāϤ āϧ⧋āϝāĻŧāĻž: āĻĄāĻŋāĻ­āĻžāχāϏāϟāĻŋ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāϰ⧇ āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻžāϤ āϧ⧁āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻļ⧁āĻ•āĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āύāĻŋāύāĨ¤
  • āĻĄāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻĒāϰāĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ: āύ⧇āϟāĻŋ āĻĒāϟ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āφāϗ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϜāύ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āϝāϏ⧇āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāĻĻāĻžāύāĻ•āĻžāϰ⧀āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞ⧁āύ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āφāĻĒāύāĻžāϰ āϰ⧋āĻ— āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ āĻ•ā§āώāĻŽāϤāĻž āĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āĻŦāϞ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āĻ…āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋ āύāĻžāϕ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āϰ⧋āĻĒāϚāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇āĨ¤
  • āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻĻā§āϰāĻŦāĻŖ āύāĻŋāĻœā§‡āχ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ: āφāĻĒāύāĻŋ āĻĢ⧁āϟāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϜāϞ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āύāύ-āφāϝāĻŧā§‹āĻĄāĻŋāύāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ āϗ⧁āρāĻĄāĻŧā§‹ āϞāĻŦāĻŖ āĻŽāĻŋāĻļāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϞāĻŦāĻŖāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤ āĻĻā§āϰāĻŦāĻŖ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āύ, āϤāĻŦ⧇ āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āύāϤ⧁āύ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāϚ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύāĨ¤Â 
HRTD Medical Institute

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