Geriatric Disease Management Details
Geriatric Disease Management. Mobile Phone Number 01797522136, 01987073965. The diseases that occurs in the old age are Geriatric Diseases. Common Geriatric Diseases are Arthritis, Osteoarthritis, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Gout, Ankylosing Spondylitis, Septic Arthritis, Reactive Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Cancer, Chronic Kidney Disease, COPD, Diabetes, etc.
Geriatric Diseases are discussed in some courses of HRTD Medical Institute like Caregiving Course, Paramedical Course, DMA Course, DMS Course, DMDS Course, DPM Course, Nursing Course, etc.
                           Arthritis [Geriatric Disease-1]
Arthritis is the swelling and tenderness of one or more joints. The main symptoms of arthritis are joint pain and stiffness, which typically worsen with age. The most common types of arthritis are osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Osteoarthritis causes cartilage â the hard, slippery tissue that covers the ends of bones where they form a joint â to break down. Rheumatoid arthritis is a disease in which the immune system attacks the joints, beginning with the lining of joints.
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Uric acid crystals, which form when there’s too much uric acid in your blood, can cause gout. Infections or underlying disease, such as psoriasis or lupus, can cause other types of arthritis.
Treatments vary depending on the type of arthritis. The main goals of arthritis treatments are to reduce symptoms and improve quality of life.
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Types
- Ankylosing spondylitis
- Gout
- Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
- Osteoarthritis
- Psoriatic arthritis
- Reactive arthritis
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Septic arthritis
- Thumb arthritis
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Symptoms
The most common signs and symptoms of arthritis involve the joints. Depending on the type of arthritis, signs and symptoms may include:
- Pain
- Stiffness
- Swelling
- Redness
- Decreased range of motion
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Causes
The two main types of arthritis â osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthiritis damage joints in different ways.
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Osteoarthritis [Geriatric Disease]
The most common type of arthritis, osteoarthritis involves wearand-tear damage to a joint’s cartilage â the hard, slick coating on the ends of bones where they form a joint. Cartilage cushions the ends of the bones and allows nearly frictionless joint motion, but enough damage can result in bone grinding directly on bone, which causes pain and restricted movement. This wear and tear can occur over many years, or it can be hastened by a joint injury or infection.
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Osteoarthritis also causes changes in the bones and deterioration of the connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and hold the joint together. If cartilage in a joint is severely damaged, the joint lining may become inflamed and swollen.
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Rheumatoid arthritis
In rheumatoid arthritis, the body’s immune system attacks the lining of the joint capsule, a tough membrane that encloses all the joint parts. This lining (synovial membrane) becomes inflamed and swollen. The disease process can eventually destroy cartilage and bone within the joint.
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Risk factors
Risk factors for arthritis include:
- Family history. Some types of arthritis run in families, so you may be more likely to develop arthritis if your parents or siblings have the disorder.
- Age. The risk of many types of arthritis â including osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and gout â increases with age.
- Your sex. Women are more likely than men to develop rheumatoid arthritis, while most of the people who have gout, another type of arthritis, are men.
- Previous joint injury. People who have injured a joint, perhaps while playing a sport, are more likely to eventually develop arthritis in that joint.
- Obesity. Carrying excess pounds puts stress on joints, particularly your knees, hips and spine. People with obesity have a higher risk of developing arthritis.
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Complications
Severe arthritis, particularly if it affects your hands or arms, can make it difficult for you to do daily tasks. Arthritis of weightbearing joints can keep you from walking comfortably or sitting up straight. In some cases, joints may gradually lose their alignment and shape. Diagnosis
During the physical exam, doctors check your joints for swelling, redness and warmth. They’ll also want to see how well you can move your joints.
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Laboratory tests
The analysis of different types of body fluids can help pinpoint the type of arthritis you may have. Fluids commonly analyzed include blood, urine and joint fluid. To obtain a sample of joint fluid, doctors cleanse and numb the area before inserting a needle in the joint space to withdraw some fluid.
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Imaging
These types of tests can detect problems within the joint that may be causing your symptoms. Examples include:
- X-rays. Using low levels of radiation to visualize bone, X-rays can show cartilage loss, bone damage and bone spurs. Xrays may not reveal early arthritic damage, but they are often used to track progression of the disease.
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- Computerized tomography (CT). CT scanners take X-rays from many different angles and combine the information to create cross-sectional views of internal structures. CTs can visualize both bone and the surrounding soft tissues.
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- Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Combining radio waves with a strong magnetic field, MRIs can produce more-detailed cross-sectional images of soft tissues such as cartilage, tendons and ligaments.
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- Ultrasound. This technology uses high-frequency sound waves to image soft tissues, cartilage and fluid-containing structures near the joints (bursae). Ultrasound is also used to guide needle placement for removing joint fluid or injecting medications into the joint.
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Treatment
Arthritis treatment focuses on relieving symptoms and improving joint function. You may need to try several different treatments, or combinations of treatments, before you determine what works best for you.
āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āĻ¸āĻž
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Medications
The medications used to treat arthritis vary depending on the type of arthritis. Commonly used arthritis medications include:
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- NSAIDs. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can relieve pain and reduce inflammation. Examples include ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin IB, others) and naproxen sodium (Aleve). Stronger NSAIDs can cause stomach irritation and may increase your risk of heart attack or stroke. NSAIDs are also available as creams or gels, which can be rubbed on joints.
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. Counterirritants- Some varieties of creams and ointments contain menthol or capsaicin, the ingredient that makes hot peppers spicy. Rubbing these preparations on the skin over your aching joint may interfere with the transmission of pain signals from the joint itself.
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- Steroids- Corticosteroid medications, such as prednisone, reduce inflammation and pain and slow joint damage. Corticosteroids may be given as a pill or as an injection into the painful joint. Side effects may include thinning of bones, weight gain and diabetes.
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- Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs). These drugs can slow the progression of rheumatoid arthritis and save the joints and other tissues from permanent damage. In addition to conventional DMARDs, there are also biologic agents and targeted synthetic DMARDs. Side effects vary but most DMARDs increase your risk of infections. Therapy
- âĸ āĻ°ā§āĻ-āĻ¸āĻāĻļā§āĻ§āĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋ-āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŽā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻˇā§āĻ§ (DMARDs)āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻāĻˇā§āĻ§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻĄ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻĨāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ DMARDs āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ, āĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĨā§āĻāĻŋāĻ DMARD āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļā§āĻŦ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ DMARD āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻĨā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒāĻŋ
Physical therapy can be helpful for some types of arthritis. Exercises can improve range of motion and strengthen the muscles surrounding joints. In some cases, splints or braces may be warranted.
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Surgery
If conservative measures don’t help, doctors may suggest surgery, such as: Joint repair. In some instances, joint surfaces can be smoothed or realigned to reduce pain and improve function. These types of procedures can often be performed
- These types of procedures can often be performed arthroscopically â through small incisions over the joint.
āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ
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- Joint replacement. This procedure removes the damaged joint and replaces it with an artificial one. Joints most commonly replaced are hips and knees.
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- Joint fusion. This procedure is more often used for smaller joints, such as those in the wrist, ankle and fingers. It removes the ends of the two bones in the joint and then locks those ends together until they heal into one rigid unit.
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Lifestyle and home remedies
In many cases, arthritis symptoms can be reduced with the following measures:
āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°
āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§, āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻšā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§:
- Weight loss. Excess weight puts extra stress on weightbearing joints. Losing weight may increase your mobility and limit future joint injury.
- Exercise. Regular exercise can help keep joints flexible. Swimming and water aerobics may be good choices because the buoyancy of the water reduces stress on weight-bearing joints.
- Heat and cold. Heating pads or ice packs may help relieve arthritis pain.
- Assistive devices. Using canes, shoe inserts, walkers, raised toilet seats, and other assistive devices can help protect joints and improve your ability to perform daily tasks.
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Alternative medicine
Many people use alternative remedies for arthritis, but there is little reliable evidence to support the use of many of these products. The most promising alternative remedies for arthritis include:
āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻāĻˇāĻ§
āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§, āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻ āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŽ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§:
- Acupuncture. This therapy uses fine needles inserted at specific points on the skin to reduce many types of pain, including that caused by some types of arthritis.
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- Chondroitin. Chondroitin may provide modest pain relief from osteoarthritis, although study results are mixed.
- âĸ āĻāĻ¨āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¸ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻĨāĻž āĻāĻĒāĻļāĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§, āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛āĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ āĻŽāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤
- Fish oil. Some preliminary studies have found that fish oil supplements may reduce the symptoms of some types of arthritis. Fish oil can interfere with medications, so check with your doctor first.
- âĸ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻˇā§āĻ§ā§ āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻĒ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
- Yoga and tai chi. The slow, stretching movements associated with yoga and tai chi may help improve joint flexibility and range of motion.
- âĸ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ āĻāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ§ā§āĻ°, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻĨ āĻ¨āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¸āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
- Massage. Light stroking and kneading of muscles may increase blood flow and warm affected joints, temporarily relieving pain. Make sure your massage therapist knows which joints are affected by arthritis.
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               Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis causes bones to become weak and brittle â so brittle that a fall or even mild stresses such as bending over or coughing can cause a break. Osteoporosis-related breaks most commonly occur in the hip, wrist or spine.
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Bone is living tissue that is constantly being broken down and replaced. Osteoporosis occurs when the creation of new bone doesn’t keep up with the loss of old bone.
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Osteoporosis affects men and women of all races. But white and Asian women, especially older women who are past menopause, are at highest risk. Medicines, healthy diet and weight-bearing exercise can help prevent bone loss or strengthen already weak bones.
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Symptoms
There typically are no symptoms in the early stages of bone loss. But once your bones have been weakened by osteoporosis, you might have signs and symptoms that include:
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- Back pain, caused by a broken or collapsed bone in the spine.
- Loss of height over time.
- A stooped posture.
- A bone that breaks much more easily than expected. When to see a doctor
âĸ āĻĒāĻŋāĻ ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻĨāĻž, āĻŽā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§āĨ¤
âĸ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻšā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĨ¤
âĸ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŦā§āĻ§ āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĨ¤
âĸ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ āĻ¯āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻļāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻšāĻā§ āĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¨
You might want to talk to your health care provider about osteoporosis if you went through early menopause or took corticosteroids for several months at a time, or if either of your parents had hip fractures.
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āĻ¯āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻŽā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĒāĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻĄ āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨, āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤āĻŽā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻĢāĻžāĻāĻ˛ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
Causes
Your bones are in a constant state of renewal â new bone is made and old bone is broken down. When you’re young, your body makes new bone faster than it breaks down old bone and your bone mass increases. After the early 20s this process slows, and most people reach their peak bone mass by age 30. As people age, bone mass is lost faster than it’s created.
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻŦā§āĻāĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ§ā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ – āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ āĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻšāĻ¨, āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ āĻā§āĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ 20 āĻāĻ° āĻĻāĻļāĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ āĻ˛ā§āĻ 30 āĻŦāĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻĒā§āĻāĻā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
How likely you are to develop osteoporosis depends partly on how much bone mass you attained in your youth. Peak bone mass is partly inherited and varies also by ethnic group. The higher your peak bone mass, the more bone you have “in the bank” and the less likely you are to develop osteoporosis as you age.
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ¤āĻāĻž āĻāĻāĻļāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¯ā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ¤āĻāĻž āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻŋāĻ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻ° āĻāĻāĻļāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ ā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻŋāĻ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻ° āĻ¯āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ, āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° “āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻā§” āĻ¯āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¤āĻ¤ āĻāĻŽāĨ¤
Risk factors
A number of factors can increase the likelihood that you’ll develop osteoporosis â including your age, race, lifestyle choices, and medical conditions and treatments.
āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸, āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋ, āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻĢāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛ āĻĒāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āĻ¸āĻž āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¸āĻž āĻ¸āĻš – āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Unchangeable risks
Some risk factors for osteoporosis are out of your control, including:
āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ
āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ°ā§, āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§:
- Your sex. Women are much more likely to develop osteoporosis than are men.
- Age. The older you get, the greater your risk of osteoporosis.
- Race. You’re at greatest risk of osteoporosis if you’re white or of Asian descent.
- Family history. Having a parent or sibling with osteoporosis puts you at greater risk, especially if your mother or father fractured a hip.
- Body frame size. Men and women who have small body frames tend to have a higher risk because they might have less bone mass to draw from as they age.
âĸ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĨ¤
âĸ āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸āĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ āĻ¯āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻšāĻŦā§, āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
âĸ āĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĻāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻāĻļā§āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
âĸ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸āĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤āĻž-āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĻ¨ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĢā§āĻ˛ā§, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤āĻŽā§āĻŦ āĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
âĸ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĢā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻžāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĢā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻ° āĻāĻŽ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Hormone levels
Osteoporosis is more common in people who have too much or too little of certain hormones in their bodies. Examples include:
āĻšāĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž
āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻŦ āĻāĻŽ āĻšāĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ¨ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤:
- Sex hormones. Lowered sex hormone levels tend to weaken bone. The fall in estrogen levels in women at menopause is one of the strongest risk factors for developing osteoporosis. Treatments for prostate cancer that reduce testosterone
levels in men and treatments for breast cancer that reduce estrogen levels in women are likely to accelerate bone loss.
âĸ āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¸ āĻšāĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ¨- āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¸ āĻšāĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŽā§ āĻā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻŽā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĒāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŽā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āĻ¸āĻž āĻ¯āĻž āĻā§āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻ¨ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ
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- Thyroid problems. Too much thyroid hormone can cause bone loss. This can occur if your thyroid is overactive or if you take too much thyroid hormone medicine to treat an underactive thyroid.
âĸ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻĄ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻĄ āĻšāĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻĄ āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻĄā§āĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻĄ āĻšāĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻˇā§āĻ§ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤
- Other glands. Osteoporosis has also been associated with overactive parathyroid and adrenal glands. Dietary factors
- âĸ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻĄ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĄā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨āĻžāĻ˛ āĻā§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§āĻ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ
Osteoporosis is more likely to occur in people who have:
- Low calcium intake. A lifelong lack of calcium plays a role in the development of osteoporosis. Low calcium intake contributes to diminished bone density, early bone loss and an increased risk of fractures.
- Eating disorders. Severely restricting food intake and being underweight weakens bone in both men and women.
- Gastrointestinal surgery. Surgery to reduce the size of your stomach or to remove part of the intestine limits the amount of surface area available to absorb nutrients, including calcium. These surgeries include those to help you lose weight and for other gastrointestinal disorders.
āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻā§:
âĸ āĻāĻŽ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ. āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽā§āĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļā§ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŽ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻŦ āĻšā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸, āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧā§āĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĢā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
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âĸ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻāĻļ āĻ āĻĒāĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻ¸āĻš āĻĒā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻļā§āĻˇāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻĒāĻ˛āĻŦā§āĻ§ āĻĒā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻ¨āĻžāĻ˛ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĨ¤
Steroids and other medicines
Long-term use of oral or injected corticosteroid medicines, such as prednisone and cortisone, interferes with the bone-rebuilding process. Osteoporosis has also been associated with medications used to combat or prevent:
- Seizures.
- Gastric reflux.
- Cancer.
- Transplant rejection.
āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻĄ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻˇā§āĻ§
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻĄāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻŽā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ¨āĻā§āĻāĻļāĻ¨āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻĄ āĻāĻˇā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ āĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻĒ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻˇā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§āĻ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§:
âĸ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĨ¤
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âĸ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĨ¤
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Medical problems
The risk of osteoporosis is higher in people who have certain medical problems, including:
- Celiac disease.
- Inflammatory bowel disease.
- Kidney or liver disease.
- Cancer.
- Multiple myeloma.
- Rheumatoid arthritis. Lifestyle choices
āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āĻ¸āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻž
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âĸ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ āĻ°ā§āĻāĨ¤
âĸ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ°ā§āĻāĨ¤
âĸ āĻāĻŋāĻĄāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ°ā§āĻāĨ¤
âĸ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĨ¤
āĻāĻāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ˛ā§āĻŽāĻžāĨ¤
âĸ āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻĄ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¸āĨ¤ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ
Some bad habits can increase your risk of osteoporosis. Examples include:
āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒ āĻ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤:
- Sedentary lifestyle. People who spend a lot of time sitting have a higher risk of osteoporosis than do those who are more active. Any weight-bearing exercise and activities that promote balance and good posture are good for your bones, but walking, running, jumping, dancing and weightlifting seem particularly helpful.
âĸ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ¨ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĒ āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻ āĻā§āĻāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻžāĻ˛, āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻšāĻžāĻāĻāĻž, āĻĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§, āĻ˛āĻžāĻĢ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž, āĻ¨āĻžāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
- Excessive alcohol consumption. Regular consumption of more than two alcoholic drinks a day increases the risk of osteoporosis.
âĸ āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻā§āĻšāĻ˛ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻā§āĻšāĻ˛āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
- Tobacco use. The exact role tobacco plays in osteoporosis isn’t clear, but it has been shown that tobacco use contributes to weak bones.
âĸ āĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ āĻā§ āĻā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
Complications
Bone breaks, particularly in the spine or hip, are the most serious complications of osteoporosis. Hip fractures often are caused by a fall and can result in disability and even an increased risk of death within the first year after the injury.
In some cases, broken bones in the spine can occur even if you haven’t fallen. The bones that make up your spine, called vertebrae, can weaken to the point of collapsing, which can result in back pain, lost height and a hunched-forward posture.
āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻž, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻŽā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤āĻŽā§āĻŦā§, āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤āĻŽā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻĢāĻžāĻāĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ āĻ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĨāĻŽ āĻŦāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§, āĻŽā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄā§āĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ āĻāĻžāĻāĻž āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻ¨āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŽā§āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ, āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻļā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻā§āĻā§āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§, āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ āĻĒāĻŋāĻ ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻĨāĻž, āĻāĻā§āĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻāĻāĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Prevention
Good nutrition and regular exercise are essential for keeping your bones healthy throughout your life.
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§
āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĨ¤
Calcium
Men and women between the ages of 18 and 50 need 1,000 milligrams of calcium a day. This daily amount increases to 1,200 milligrams when women turn 50 and men turn 70.
āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽ
18 āĻĨā§āĻā§ 50 āĻŦāĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ 1,000 āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ 1,200 āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ°āĻž 50 āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻĻā§āĻ° 70 āĻŦāĻāĻ° āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
Good sources of calcium include:
- Low-fat dairy products.
- Dark green leafy vegetables.
- Canned salmon or sardines with bones.
- Soy products, such as tofu.
- Calcium-fortified cereals and orange juice.
If you find it difficult to get enough calcium from your diet, consider taking calcium supplements. However, too much calcium has been linked to kidney stones. Although yet unclear, some experts suggest that too much calcium, especially in supplements, can increase the risk of heart disease.
āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§:
âĸ āĻāĻŽ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻ§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻ¯āĨ¤
âĸ āĻāĻžāĻĸāĻŧ āĻ¸āĻŦā§āĻ āĻļāĻžāĻāĨ¤
âĸ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ āĻ¸āĻš āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ˛āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¨āĨ¤
âĸ āĻ¸āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻ¯, āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻĢā§āĨ¤
âĸ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽ-āĻĢā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻĢāĻžāĻāĻĄ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŽāĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻ°āĻ¸āĨ¤
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ¯ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻšā§āĻ, āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻŋāĻĄāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻĨāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻ, āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇāĻā§āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§, āĻšā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
The Health and Medicine Division of the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine recommends that total calcium intake, from supplements and diet combined, should be no more than 2,000 milligrams daily for people older than 50.
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻļāĻ¨āĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻāĻžāĻĄā§āĻŽāĻŋ āĻ āĻĢ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸, āĻāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻŽā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŽā§āĻ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ, 50 āĻŦāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ 2,000 āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
Vitamin D
Vitamin D improves the body’s ability to absorb calcium and improves bone health in other ways. People can get some of their vitamin D from sunlight, but this might not be a good source if you live in a high latitude, if you’re housebound, or if you regularly use sunscreen or avoid the sun because of the risk of skin cancer.
āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻĄāĻŋ
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Dietary sources of vitamin D include cod liver oil, trout and salmon. Many types of milk and cereal have been fortified with vitamin D.
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Most people need at least 600 international units (IU) of vitamin D a day. That recommendation increases to 800 IU a day after age 70.
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People without other sources of vitamin D and especially with limited sun exposure might need a supplement. Most multivitamin products contain between 600 and 800 IU of vitamin D. Up to 4,000 IU of vitamin D a day is safe for most people.
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Exercise
Exercise can help you build strong bones and slow bone loss. Exercise will benefit your bones no matter when you start, but you’ll gain the most benefits if you start exercising regularly when you’re young and continue to exercise throughout your life.
Combine strength training exercises with weight-bearing and balance exercises. Strength training helps strengthen muscles and bones in your arms and upper spine. Weight-bearing exercises â such as walking, jogging, running, stair climbing, skipping rope, skiing and impact-producing sports â affect mainly the bones in your legs, hips and lower spine. Balance exercises such as tai chi can reduce your risk of falling especially as you get older.
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Diagnosis
Your bone density can be measured by a machine that uses low levels of X-rays to determine the proportion of mineral in your bones. During this painless test, you lie on a padded table as a scanner passes over your body. In most cases, only certain bones are checked â usually in the hip and spine.
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Treatment
Treatment recommendations are often based on an estimate of your risk of breaking a bone in the next 10 years using information such as the bone density test. If your risk isn’t high, treatment might not include medication and might focus instead on modifying risk factors for bone loss and falls.
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Bisphosphonates
For both men and women at increased risk of broken bones, the most widely prescribed osteoporosis medications are bisphosphonates. Examples include:
- Alendronate (Binosto, Fosamax).
- Risedronate (Actonel, Atelvia).
- Ibandronate.
- Zoledronic acid (Reclast, Zometa).
. Risedronate (Actonel, Atelvia)āĨ¤
âĸ Ibandronate.
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Side effects include nausea, abdominal pain and heartburn-like symptoms. These are less likely to occur if the medicine is taken properly. Intravenous forms of bisphosphonates don’t cause stomach upset but can cause fever, headache and muscle aches.
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A very rare complication of bisphosphonates is a break or crack in the middle of the thighbone. A second rare complication is delayed healing of the jawbone, called osteonecrosis of the jaw. This can occur after an invasive dental procedure, such as removing a tooth.
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Denosumab
Compared with bisphosphonates, denosumab (Prolia, Xgeva) produces similar or better bone density results and reduces the chance of all types of breaks. Denosumab is delivered via a shot un der the skin every six months.
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Similar to bisphosphonates, denosumab has the same rare complication of causing breaks or cracks in the middle of the thighbone and osteonecrosis of the jaw. If you take denosumab, you might need to continue to do so indefinitely. Recent research indicates there could be a high risk of spinal column fractures after stopping the drug.
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Hormone-related therapy
Estrogen, especially when started soon after menopause, can help maintain bone density. However, estrogen therapy can increase the risk of breast cancer and blood clots, which can cause strokes. Therefore, estrogen is typically used for bone health in younger women or in women whose menopausal symptoms also require treatment.
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Raloxifene (Evista) mimics estrogen’s beneficial effects on bone density in postmenopausal women, without some of the risks associated with estrogen. Taking this drug can reduce the risk of some types of breast cancer. Hot flashes are a possible side effect. Raloxifene also may increase your risk of blood clots.
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In men, osteoporosis might be linked with a gradual age-related decline in testosterone levels. Testosterone replacement therapy can help improve symptoms of low testosterone, but osteoporosis medications have been better studied in men to treat osteoporosis and thus are recommended alone or in addition to testosterone.
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Bone-building medicines
If you have severe osteoporosis or if the more common treatments for osteoporosis don’t work well enough, your doctor might suggest trying:
āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ āĻāĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻˇā§āĻ§
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¸āĻž āĻ¯āĻĨā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§, āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨:
- Teriparatide (Bonsity, Forteo). This powerful drug is similar to parathyroid hormone and stimulates new bone growth. It’s given by daily injection under the skin for up to two years.
- Abaloparatide (Tymlos) is another drug similar to parathyroid hormone. This drug can be taken for only two years.
- Romosozumab (Evenity). This is the newest bone-building medicine to treat osteoporosis. It is given as an injection every month at your doctor’s office and is limited to one year of treatment.
āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻĄ (āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻŋ, āĻĢā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ)āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻļāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻˇā§āĻ§āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻĄ āĻšāĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ¨āĻā§āĻāĻļāĻ¨ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
âĸ Abaloparatide (Tymlos) āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻĄ āĻšāĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻˇā§āĻ§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻāĻˇā§āĻ§āĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ āĻŦāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
âĸ āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦ (āĻāĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻŋ)āĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ-āĻāĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻˇā§āĻ§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ¸ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ¨āĻā§āĻāĻļāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻŦāĻĻā§āĻ§āĨ¤
After you stop taking any of these bone-building medications, you generally will need to take another osteoporosis drug to maintain the new bone growth.
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ-āĻāĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻˇā§āĻ§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§, āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻŦāĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻāĻˇā§āĻ§ āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Lifestyle and home remedies
These suggestions might help reduce your risk of developing osteoporosis or breaking bones:
āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°
āĻāĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻŦāĻž āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ āĻāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§:
- Don’t smoke. Smoking increases rates of bone loss and the chance of fracture.
- Limit alcohol. Consuming more than two alcoholic drinks a day may decrease bone formation. Being under the influence of alcohol also can increase your risk of falling.
- Prevent falls. Wear low-heeled shoes with nonslip soles and check your house for electrical cords, area rugs and slippery surfaces that might cause you to fall. Keep rooms brightly lit, install grab bars just inside and outside your shower door, and make sure you can get into and out of your bed easily.
- âĸ āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĢā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
- âĸ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻā§āĻšāĻ˛ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻā§āĻšāĻ˛āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻ˛ā§ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻ āĻ¨ āĻāĻŽā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻā§āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ§ā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
- âĸ āĻĒāĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻ°ā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¨āĻ¨āĻ¸āĻ˛āĻŋāĻĒ āĻ¸ā§āĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻš āĻāĻŽ āĻšāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋ, āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ āĻĒā§āĻˇā§āĻ ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻŦāĻ˛āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¨, āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĻāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ°ā§ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ˛ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻļā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻšāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦā§āĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
- Cancer
- Cancer refers to any one of a large number of diseases characterized by the development of abnormal cells that divide uncontrollably and have the ability to infiltrate and destroy normal body tissue. Cancer often has the ability to spread throughout your body.
- Cancer is the second-leading cause of death in the world. But survival rates are improving for many types of cancer, thanks to improvements in cancer screening, treatment and prevention.
- āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦā§āĻļ āĻ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
- āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§ āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ, āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻāĻā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻšāĻā§āĻā§āĨ¤
- Symptoms
- Signs and symptoms caused by cancer will vary depending on what part of the body is affected.
- Some general signs and symptoms associated with, but not specific to, cancer, include:
- āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻ
- āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ āĻāĻļ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
- āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ¯āĻž āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§:
- Fatigue
- Lump or area of thickening that can be felt under the skin
- Weight changes, including unintended loss or gain
- Skin changes, such as yellowing, darkening or redness of the skin, sores that won’t heal, or changes to existing moles
- Changes in bowel or bladder habits
- Persistent cough or trouble breathing
- Difficulty swallowing
- Hoarseness
- Persistent indigestion or discomfort after eating
- Persistent, unexplained muscle or joint pain
- Persistent, unexplained fevers or night sweats
- Unexplained bleeding or bruising
- âĸ āĻā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
- âĸ āĻĒāĻŋāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ āĻāĻļ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§
- âĸ āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻš āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨
- âĸ āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨, āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻā§āĻ° āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻĻ, āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ˛āĻžāĻ˛ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž, āĻāĻž āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨
- âĸ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻŽā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻļāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨
- âĸ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻāĻˇā§āĻ
- âĸ āĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻž
- âĸ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻļāĻ¤āĻž
- âĸ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻĻāĻšāĻāĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
- âĸ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻŽ, āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻļā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ¨ā§āĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻĨāĻž
- âĸ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ¤, āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻŽ
- âĸ āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤
- When to see a doctor
- Make an appointment with your doctor if you have any persistent signs or symptoms that concern you.
- If you don’t have any signs or symptoms, but are worried about your risk of cancer, discuss your concerns with your doctor. Ask about which cancer screening tests and procedures are appropriate for you.
- āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¨
- āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŽā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
- āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ¨āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻā§, āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤, āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāĻĻā§āĻ§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻĒāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
- Causes
- Cancer is caused by changes (mutations) to the DNA within cells. The DNA inside a cell is packaged into a large number of individual genes, each of which contains a set of instructions telling the cell what functions to perform, as well as how to grow and divide. Errors in the instructions can cause the cell to stop its normal function and may allow a cell to become cancerous.
- āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ
- āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻ¨āĻ-āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ° (āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻļāĻ¨) āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻšā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻžāĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§ āĻ¯āĻž āĻā§āĻˇāĻā§ āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§, āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻžāĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻā§āĻˇāĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻˇāĻā§ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
- What do gene mutations do?
- A gene mutation can instruct a healthy cell to:
- Allow rapid growth. A gene mutation can tell a cell to grow and divide more rapidly. This creates many new cells that all have that same mutation.
- Fail to stop uncontrolled cell growth. Normal cells know when to stop growing so that you have just the right number of each type of cell. Cancer cells lose the controls (tumor suppressor genes) that tell them when to stop growing. A mutation in a tumor suppressor gene allows cancer cells to continue growing and accumulating.
- Make mistakes when repairing DNA errors. DNA repair genes look for errors in a cell’s DNA and make corrections. A mutation in a DNA repair gene may mean that other errors aren’t corrected, leading cells to become cancerous.
- āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§?
- āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻā§āĻˇāĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§:
- âĸ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻˇāĻā§ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻā§āĻˇ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻ āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤
- âĸ āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻˇ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ°ā§āĻĨāĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻā§āĻˇāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ (āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨) āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§ āĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŽāĻž āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
- âĸ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻŽā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻ¨āĻ-āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻāĻļā§āĻ§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻŽā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻļāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻāĻļā§āĻ§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ āĻā§āĻˇāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŖāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
- These mutations are the most common ones found in cancer. But many other gene mutations can contribute to causing cancer.
- āĻāĻ āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻļāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¸āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
- What causes gene mutations?
- Gene mutations can occur for several reasons, for instance:
- Gene mutations you’re born with. You may be born with a genetic mutation that you inherited from your parents. This type of mutation accounts for a small percentage of cancers.
- Gene mutations that occur after birth. Most gene mutations occur after you’re born and aren’t inherited. A number of forces can cause gene mutations, such as smoking, radiation, viruses, cancer-causing chemicals (carcinogens), obesity, hormones, chronic inflammation and a lack of exercise.
- āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻļāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻā§?
- āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§, āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻĒ:
- āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻļāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻŋāĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ āĻļāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻļā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĨ¤
- āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ¨, āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ°āĻŖ, āĻāĻžāĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ¸, āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ (āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¨), āĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž, āĻšāĻ°āĻŽā§āĻ¨, āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻš āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽā§āĻ° āĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻŦā§āĻļ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
- Gene mutations occur frequently during normal cell growth. However, cells contain a mechanism that recognizes when a mistake occurs and repairs the mistake. Occasionally, a mistake is missed. This could cause a cell to become cancerous.
- āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻˇ āĻŦā§āĻĻā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻšā§āĻ, āĻā§āĻˇāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻž āĻā§āĻ˛ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¸āĻ¨āĻžāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻ˛ āĻŽā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻŽāĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻž āĻā§āĻ˛ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¸ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
- How do gene mutations interact with each other?
- The gene mutations you’re born with and those that you acquire throughout your life work together to cause cancer.
- For instance, if you’ve inherited a genetic mutation that predisposes you to cancer, that doesn’t mean you’re certain to get cancer. Instead, you may need one or more other gene mutations to cause cancer. Your inherited gene mutation could make you more likely than other people to develop cancer when exposed to a certain cancer-causing substance.
- It’s not clear just how many mutations must accumulate for cancer to form. It’s likely that this varies among cancer types.
- āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻāĻā§ āĻ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§?
- āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻļāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻž āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻāĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
- āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻĒ, āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻā§ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻŖāĻ¤āĻž āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻŦā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§, āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻļāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŽāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻā§ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻļā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
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- Risk factors
- While doctors have an idea of what may increase your risk of cancer, the majority of cancers occur in people who don’t have any known risk factors. Factors known to increase your risk of cancer include:
- āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ
- āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¸āĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ, āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§:
- Your age
- Cancer can take decades to develop. That’s why most people diagnosed with cancer are 65 or older. While it’s more common in older adults, cancer isn’t exclusively an adult disease â cancer can be diagnosed at any age.
- āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ
- āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¸ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¸āĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ, āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨ā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§:
- Your habits
- Certain lifestyle choices are known to increase your risk of cancer. Smoking, drinking more than one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men, excessive exposure to the sun or frequent blistering sunburns, being obese, and having unsafe sex can contribute to cancer.
- You can change these habits to lower your risk of cancer â though some habits are easier to change than others.
- āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸
- āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻĢāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻ˛ āĻĒāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ¨, āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻāĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž, āĻ¸ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ¨ āĻ°ā§āĻĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻāĻž, āĻŽā§āĻāĻž āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻ¯ā§āĻ¨ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
- āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ āĻ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ – āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻšāĻāĨ¤
- Your family history
- Only a small portion of cancers are due to an inherited condition. If cancer is common in your family, it’s possible that mutations are being passed from one generation to the next. You might be a candidate for genetic testing to see whether you have inherited mutations that might increase your risk of certain cancers. Keep in mind that having an inherited genetic mutation doesn’t necessarily mean you’ll get cancer.
- āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸
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- Your health conditions
- Some chronic health conditions, such as ulcerative colitis, can markedly increase your risk of developing certain cancers. Talk to your doctor about your risk.
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- Your environment
- The environment around you may contain harmful chemicals that can increase your risk of cancer. Even if you don’t smoke, you might inhale secondhand smoke if you go where people are smoking or if you live with someone who smokes. Chemicals in your home or workplace, such as asbestos and benzene, also are associated with an increased risk of cancer.
- āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦā§āĻļ
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- Cancer and its treatment can cause several complications, including:
- Pain. Pain can be caused by cancer or by cancer treatment, though not all cancer is painful. Medications and other approaches can effectively treat cancer-related pain.
- Fatigue. Fatigue in people with cancer has many causes, but it can often be managed. Fatigue associated with chemotherapy or radiation therapy treatments is common, but it’s usually temporary.
- Difficulty breathing. Cancer or cancer treatment may cause a feeling of being short of breath. Treatments may bring relief.
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- âĸ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻˇā§āĻ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĨ¤ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻāĻˇā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¸āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§
- Nausea. Certain cancers and cancer treatments can cause nausea. Your doctor can sometimes predict if your treatment is likely to cause nausea. Medications and other treatments may help you prevent or decrease nausea.
- Diarrhea or constipation. Cancer and cancer treatment can affect your bowels and cause diarrhea or constipation.
- Weight loss. Cancer and cancer treatment may cause weight loss. Cancer steals food from normal cells and deprives them of nutrients. This is often not affected by how many calories or what kind of food is eaten; it’s difficult to treat. In most cases, using artificial nutrition through tubes into the stomach or vein does not help change the weight loss.
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- Chemical changes in your body. Cancer can upset the normal chemical balance in your body and increase your risk of serious complications. Signs and symptoms of chemical imbalances might include excessive thirst, frequent urination, constipation and confusion.
- Brain and nervous system problems. Cancer can press on nearby nerves and cause pain and loss of function of one part
of your body. Cancer that involves the brain can cause headaches and stroke-like signs and symptoms, such as weakness on one side of your body.
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- Unusual immune system reactions to cancer. In some cases the body’s immune system may react to the presence of cancer by attacking healthy cells. Called paraneoplastic syndromes, these very rare reactions can lead to a variety of signs and symptoms, such as difficulty walking and seizures.
- Cancer that spreads. As cancer advances, it may spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. Where cancer spreads depends on the type of cancer.
- Cancer that returns. Cancer survivors have a risk of cancer recurrence. Some cancers are more likely to recur than others. Ask your doctor about what you can do to reduce your risk of cancer recurrence. Your doctor may devise a follow-up care plan for you after treatment. This plan may include periodic scans and exams in the months and years after your treatment, to look for cancer recurrence.
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Prevention
Doctors have identified several ways to reduce your risk of cancer, such as:
- Stop smoking. If you smoke, quit. If you don’t smoke, don’t start. Smoking is linked to several types of cancer â not just lung cancer. Stopping now will reduce your risk of cancer in the future.
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- Avoid excessive sun exposure. Harmful ultraviolet (UV) rays from the sun can increase your risk of skin cancer. Limit your sun exposure by staying in the shade, wearing protective clothing or applying sunscreen.
- Eat a healthy diet. Choose a diet rich in fruits and vegetables. Select whole grains and lean proteins. Limit your intake of processed meats.
- Exercise most days of the week. Regular exercise is linked to a lower risk of cancer. Aim for at least 30 minutes of exercise most days of the week. If you haven’t been exercising regularly, start out slowly and work your way up to 30 minutes or longer.
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- Maintain a healthy weight. Being overweight or obese may increase your risk of cancer. Work to achieve and maintain a healthy weight through a combination of a healthy diet and regular exercise.
- Drink alcohol in moderation, if you choose to drink. If you choose to drink alcohol, do so in moderation. For healthy adults, that means up to one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men.
- Schedule cancer screening exams. Talk to your doctor about what types of cancer screening exams are best for you based on your risk factors.
- Ask your doctor about immunizations. Certain viruses increase your risk of cancer. Immunizations may help prevent those viruses, including hepatitis B, which increases the risk of liver cancer, and human papillomavirus (HPV), which increases the risk of cervical cancer and other cancers. Ask your doctor whether immunization against these viruses is appropriate for you.
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Diagnosis
Cancer screening
Diagnosing cancer at its earliest stages often provides the best chance for a cure. With this in mind, talk with your doctor about what types of cancer screening may be appropriate for you.
For a few cancers, studies show that screening tests can save lives by diagnosing cancer early. For other cancers, screening tests are recommended only for people with increased risk.
A variety of medical organizations and patient-advocacy groups have recommendations and guidelines for cancer screening. Review the various guidelines with your doctor and together you can determine what’s best for you based on your own risk factors for cancer.
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Cancer diagnosis
Your doctor may use one or more approaches to diagnose cancer:
- Physical exam. Your doctor may feel areas of your body for lumps that may indicate cancer. During a physical exam, your doctor may look for abnormalities, such as changes in skin color or enlargement of an organ, that may indicate the presence of cancer.
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- Laboratory tests. Laboratory tests, such as urine and blood tests, may help your doctor identify abnormalities that can be caused by cancer. For instance, in people with leukemia, a common blood test called complete blood count may reveal an unusual number or type of white blood cells.
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- Imaging tests. Imaging tests allow your doctor to examine your bones and internal organs in a noninvasive way. Imaging tests used in diagnosing cancer may include a computerized tomography (CT) scan, bone scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) scan, ultrasound and X-ray, among others.
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- Biopsy. During a biopsy, your doctor collects a sample of cells for testing in the laboratory. There are several ways of collecting a sample. Which biopsy procedure is right for you depends on your type of cancer and its location. In most situations, a biopsy is the only way to definitively diagnose cancer.
In the laboratory, doctors look at cell samples under the microscope. Normal cells look uniform, with similar sizes and orderly organization. Cancer cells look less orderly, with varying sizes and without apparent organization.
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Cancer stages
Once cancer is diagnosed, your doctor will work to determine the extent (stage) of your cancer. Your doctor uses your cancer’s stage to determine your treatment options and your chances for a cure.
Staging tests and procedures may include imaging tests, such as bone scans or X-rays, to see if cancer has spread to other parts of the body.
Cancer stages are indicated by the numbers 0 through 4, which are often written as Roman numerals 0 through IV. Higher numbers indicate a more-advanced cancer. For some types of cancer, cancer stage is indicated using letters or words.
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Treatment
Many cancer treatments are available. Your treatment options will depend on several factors, such as the type and stage of your cancer, your general health, and your preferences. Together you and your doctor can weigh the benefits and risks of each cancer treatment to determine which is best for you.
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Goals of cancer treatment
Cancer treatments have different objectives, such as:
- Cure. The goal of treatment is to achieve a cure for your cancer, allowing you to live a normal life span. This may or may not be possible, depending on your specific situation.
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- Primary treatment. The goal of a primary treatment is to completely remove the cancer from your body or kill the cancer cells.
Any cancer treatment can be used as a primary treatment, but the most common primary cancer treatment for the most common cancers is surgery. If your cancer is particularly sensitive to radiation therapy or chemotherapy, you may receive one of those therapies as your primary treatment.
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- Adjuvant treatment. The goal of adjuvant therapy is to kill any cancer cells that may remain after primary treatment in order to reduce the chance that the cancer will recur.
Any cancer treatment can be used as an adjuvant therapy. Common adjuvant therapies include chemotherapy, radiation therapy and hormone therapy.
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- Palliative treatment. Palliative treatments may help relieve side effects of treatment or signs and symptoms caused by cancer itself. Surgery, radiation, chemotherapy and hormone therapy can all be used to relieve symptoms and control the spread of cancer when a cure isn’t possible. Medications may relieve symptoms such as pain and shortness of breath.
Palliative treatment can be used at the same time as other treatments intended to cure your cancer.
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Cancer treatments
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Doctors have many tools when it comes to treating cancer. Cancer treatment options include:
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- Surgery. The goal of surgery is to remove the cancer or as much of the cancer as possible.
- Chemotherapy. Chemotherapy uses drugs to kill cancer cells.
- Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy uses high-powered energy beams, such as X-rays and protons, to kill cancer cells. Radiation treatment can come from a machine outside your body (external beam radiation), or it can be placed inside your body (brachytherapy).
- Bone marrow transplant. Bone marrow transplant is also known as a stem cell transplant. Your bone marrow is the material inside your bones that makes blood cells. A bone marrow transplant can use your own cells or cells from a donor.
A bone marrow transplant allows your doctor to use higher doses of chemotherapy to treat your cancer. It may also be used to replace diseased bone marrow.
- Immunotherapy. Immunotherapy, also known as biological therapy, uses your body’s immune system to fight cancer. Cancer can survive unchecked in your body because your immune system doesn’t recognize it as an intruder. Immunotherapy can help your immune system “see” the cancer and attack it.
- Hormone therapy. Some types of cancer are fueled by your body’s hormones. Examples include breast cancer and prostate cancer. Removing those hormones from the body or blocking their effects may cause the cancer cells to stop growing.
- Targeted drug therapy. Targeted drug treatment focuses on specific abnormalities within cancer cells that allow them to survive.
- Clinical trials. Clinical trials are studies to investigate new ways of treating cancer. Thousands of cancer clinical trials are underway.
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Other treatments may be available to you, depending on your type of cancer.
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻĒāĻ˛āĻŦā§āĻ§ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
As a first step toward diagnosis of kidney disease, your doctor discusses your personal and family history with you. Among other things, your doctor might ask questions about whether you’ve been diagnosed with high blood pressure, if you’ve taken a medication that might affect kidney function, if you’ve noticed changes in your urinary habits and whether you have family members who have kidney disease.
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Next, your doctor performs a physical exam, checking for signs of problems with your heart or blood vessels, and conducts a neurological exam.
āĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§, āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨, āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻšā§āĻĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻŖā§āĻĄ āĻŦāĻž āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
For kidney disease diagnosis, you might also need certain tests and procedures to determine how severe your kidney disease is (stage). Tests might include:
- Blood tests. Kidney function tests look for the level of waste products, such as creatinine and urea, in your blood.
- Urine tests. Analyzing a sample of your urine can reveal abnormalities that point to chronic kidney failure and help identify the cause of chronic kidney disease.
- Imaging tests. Your doctor might use ultrasound to assess your kidneys’ structure and size. Other imaging tests might be used in some cases.
- Removing a sample of kidney tissue for testing. Your doctor might recommend a kidney biopsy, which involves removing a sample of kidney tissue. Kidney biopsy is often done with local anesthesia using a long, thin needle that’s inserted through your skin and into your kidney. The biopsy sample is sent to a lab for testing to help determine what’s causing your kidney problem.
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Treatment
āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āĻ¸āĻž
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĻāĻžāĻ¤āĻž āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨
Kidney transplant
Depending on the cause, some types of kidney disease can be treated. Often, though, chronic kidney disease has no cure.
Treatment usually consists of measures to help control signs and symptoms, reduce complications, and slow progression of the disease. If your kidneys become severely damaged, you might need treatment for end-stage kidney disease.
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Treating the cause
Your doctor will work to slow or control the cause of your kidney disease. Treatment options vary depending on the cause. But kidney damage can continue to worsen even when an underlying condition, such as diabetes mellitus or high blood pressure, has been controlled.
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Treating complications
Kidney disease complications can be controlled to make you more comfortable. Treatments might include:
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- High blood pressure medications. People with kidney disease can have worsening high blood pressure. Your doctor might recommend medications to lower your blood pressure â commonly angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers â and to preserve kidney function.
High blood pressure medications can initially decrease kidney function and change electrolyte levels, so you might need frequent blood tests to monitor your condition. Your doctor may also recommend a water pill (diuretic) and a low-salt diet.
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- Medications to relieve swelling. People with chronic kidney disease often retain fluids. This can lead to swelling in the legs as well as high blood pressure. Medications called diuretics can help maintain the balance of fluids in your body.
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- Medications to treat anemia. Supplements of the hormone erythropoietin (uh-rith-roe-POI-uh-tin), sometimes with added iron, help produce more red blood cells. This might relieve fatigue and weakness associated with anemia.
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- Medications to lower cholesterol levels. Your doctor might recommend medications called statins to lower your cholesterol. People with chronic kidney disease often have high levels of bad cholesterol, which can increase the risk of heart disease.
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- Medications to protect your bones. Calcium and vitamin D supplements can help prevent weak bones and lower your risk of fracture. You might also take medication known as a phosphate binder to lower the amount of phosphate in your blood and protect your blood vessels from damage by calcium deposits (calcification).
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- A lower protein diet to minimize waste products in your blood. As your body processes protein from foods, it creates waste products that your kidneys must filter from your blood. To reduce the amount of work your kidneys must do, your doctor might recommend eating less protein. A registered dietitian can suggest ways to lower your protein intake while still eating a healthy diet.
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Treatment for end-stage kidney disease
If your kidneys can’t keep up with waste and fluid clearance on their own and you develop complete or near-complete kidney failure, you have end-stage kidney disease. At that point, you need dialysis or a kidney transplant.
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- Dialysis. Dialysis artificially removes waste products and extra fluid from your blood when your kidneys can no longer do this. In hemodialysis, a machine filters waste and excess fluids from your blood.
In peritoneal dialysis, a thin tube inserted into your abdomen fills your abdominal cavity with a dialysis solution that absorbs waste and excess fluids. After a time, the dialysis solution drains from your body, carrying the waste with it.
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- Kidney transplant. A kidney transplant involves surgically placing a healthy kidney from a donor into your body.
Transplanted kidneys can come from deceased or living donors.
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After a transplant, you’ll need to take medications for the rest of your life to keep your body from rejecting the new organ. You don’t need to be on dialysis to have a kidney transplant.
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For some who choose not to have dialysis or a kidney transplant, a third option is to treat your kidney failure with conservative measures. Conservative measures likely will include symptom management, advance care planning and care to keep you comfortable (palliative care).
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Kidney Disease: How kidneys work, Hemodialysis, and Peritoneal dialysis
Lifestyle and home remedies
As part of your treatment for chronic kidney disease, your doctor might recommend a special diet to help support your kidneys and limit the work they must do. Ask your doctor for a referral to a registered dietitian who can analyze your diet and suggest ways to make your diet easier on your kidneys.
āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°
āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻŋāĻĄāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻāĻļ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§, āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻĄāĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻĨāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĄ āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻā§ āĻ°ā§āĻĢāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻĄāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻšāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Depending on your situation, kidney function and overall health, dietary recommendations might include the following:
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž, āĻāĻŋāĻĄāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§, āĻāĻžāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻļāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§:
- Avoid products with added salt. Lower the amount of sodium you eat each day by avoiding products with added salt, including many convenience foods, such as frozen dinners, canned soups and fast foods. Other foods with added salt include salty snack foods, canned vegetables, and processed meats and cheeses.
âĸ āĻ˛āĻŦāĻŖ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ˛āĻŦāĻŖāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻŖā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻ¸ā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻžāĻ¨, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻāĻŽ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨, āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻžāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻšāĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¨āĻžāĻ°, āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻĒ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĢāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻĢā§āĻĄ āĻ¸āĻšāĨ¤ āĻ˛āĻŦāĻŖ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻļāĻžāĻāĻ¸āĻŦāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ¤ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ¸ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°āĨ¤
- Choose lower potassium foods. High-potassium foods include bananas, oranges, potatoes, spinach and tomatoes.
Examples of low-potassium foods include apples, cabbage, carrots, green beans, grapes and strawberries. Be aware that many salt substitutes contain potassium, so you generally should avoid them if you have kidney failure.
âĸ āĻāĻŽ āĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ˛āĻž, āĻāĻŽāĻ˛āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻŦā§, āĻāĻ˛ā§, āĻĒāĻžāĻ˛āĻ āĻļāĻžāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŽā§āĻā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻŽ āĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻāĻĒā§āĻ˛, āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻ§āĻžāĻāĻĒāĻŋ, āĻāĻžāĻāĻ°, āĻ¸āĻŦā§āĻ āĻŽāĻāĻ°āĻļā§āĻāĻŋ, āĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ˛āĻŦāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒā§ āĻĒāĻāĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§, āĻ¤āĻžāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻĄāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤
- Limit the amount of protein you eat. Your registered dietitian will estimate how many grams of protein you need each day and make recommendations based on that amount. High-protein foods include lean meats, eggs, milk, cheese and beans. Low-protein foods include vegetables, fruits, breads and cereals.
âĸ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻŋāĻļāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻļ āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¨ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ¸, āĻĄāĻŋāĻŽ, āĻĻā§āĻ§, āĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽāĻāĻ°āĻļā§āĻāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻāĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻļāĻžāĻāĻ¸āĻŦāĻāĻŋ, āĻĢāĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻ˛, āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛
COPD
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease that causes obstructed airflow from the lungs. Symptoms include breathing difficulty, cough, mucus (sputum) production and wheezing. It’s typically caused by longterm exposure to irritating gases or particulate matter, most often from cigarette smoke. People with COPD are at increased risk of developing heart disease, lung cancer and a variety of other conditions.
āĻā§āĻ°āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ (āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋ) āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ¯āĻž āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻāĻˇā§āĻ, āĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋ, āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž (āĻĨā§āĻĨā§) āĻā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻāĻˇā§āĻāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻŖāĻž āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻāĻā§, āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ§ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻšā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ, āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are the two most common conditions that contribute to COPD. These two conditions usually occur together and can vary in severity among individuals with COPD.
āĻāĻŽāĻĢāĻŋāĻ¸āĻŋāĻŽāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¸ āĻšāĻ˛ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ¯āĻž COPD-āĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ COPD āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Chronic bronchitis is inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes, which carry air to and from the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs. It’s characterized by daily cough and mucus (sputum) production.
āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¸ āĻšāĻ˛ āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻš, āĻ¯āĻž āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĨāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ (āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻāĻŋāĻāĻ˛āĻŋ) āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¸ āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž (āĻĨā§āĻĨā§) āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāĻ¨ āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŋāĻšā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
Emphysema is a condition in which the alveoli at the end of the smallest air passages (bronchioles) of the lungs are destroyed as a result of damaging exposure to cigarette smoke and other irritating gases and particulate matter.
āĻāĻŽāĻĢāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻž āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻĒāĻĨā§āĻ° (āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻāĻ˛) āĻļā§āĻˇā§ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻāĻŋāĻāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ§ā§āĻŦāĻāĻ¸ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ§ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŖāĻž āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻ āĻāĻā§āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛āĻžāĻĢāĻ˛āĨ¤
Although COPD is a progressive disease that gets worse over time, COPD is treatable. With proper management, most people with COPD can achieve good symptom control and quality of life, as well as reduced risk of other associated conditions.
āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ COPD āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, COPD āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻ āĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§, āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋ-āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻž āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§, āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻšā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Symptoms
COPD symptoms often don’t appear until significant lung damage has occurred, and they usually worsen over time, particularly if smoking exposure continues.
āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻž āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ COPD āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻļāĻ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻšāĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
Signs and symptoms of COPD may include:
- Shortness of breath, especially during physical activities
- Wheezing
- Chest tightness
- A chronic cough that may produce mucus (sputum) that may be clear, white, yellow or greenish
- Frequent respiratory infections
- Lack of energy
- Unintended weight loss (in later stages)
- Swelling in ankles, feet or legs
COPD-āĻāĻ° āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§:
âĸ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻāĻˇā§āĻ, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ
âĸ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŖ
âĸ āĻŦā§āĻā§ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
âĸ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻž āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž (āĻĨā§āĻĨā§) āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯āĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ°, āĻ¸āĻžāĻĻāĻž, āĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¸āĻŦā§āĻ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§
âĸ āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ¨ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ
âĸ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦ
âĸ āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻšā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ (āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§)
âĸ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ, āĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĢā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦ
People with COPD are also likely to experience episodes called exacerbations, during which their symptoms become worse than the usual day-to-day variation and persist for at least several days.
āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋ-āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽāĻ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŦ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§, āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ¤ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
When to see a doctor
Talk to your doctor if your symptoms are not improving with treatment or getting worse, or if you notice symptoms of an infection, such as fever or a change in sputum.
Seek immediate medical care if you can’t catch your breath, if you experience severe blueness of your lips or fingernail beds (cyanosis) or a rapid heartbeat, or if you feel foggy and have trouble concentrating.
āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¨
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖā§āĻ° āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨, āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻĨā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ¨āĨ¤
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¨āĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨, āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ ā§āĻāĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻ¨āĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻž (āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸) āĻŦāĻž āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻšā§āĻĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŦ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻļāĻžāĻā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŦ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āĻ¸āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨āĨ¤
Causes
The main cause of COPD in developed countries is tobacco smoking. In the developing world, COPD often occurs in people exposed to fumes from burning fuel for cooking and heating in poorly ventilated homes.
Only some chronic smokers develop clinically apparent COPD, although many smokers with long smoking histories may develop reduced lung function. Some smokers develop less common lung conditions. They may be misdiagnosed as having COPD until a more thorough evaluation is performed.
āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ
āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻĻā§āĻļāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ COPD āĻāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻšāĻ˛ āĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻļā§āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§, āĻāĻŽ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻŽ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻĒā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ§ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻļā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻž āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ COPD āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
āĻļā§āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻ COPD āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§, āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¸āĻš āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤āĻž āĻšā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸ āĻĒā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻŽ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻĒā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĒā§āĻā§āĻ āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋ āĻāĻā§ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻā§āĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
How your lungs are affected
Air travels down your windpipe (trachea) and into your lungs through two large tubes (bronchi). Inside your lungs, these tubes divide many times â like the branches of a tree â into many smaller tubes (bronchioles) that end in clusters of tiny air sacs (alveoli).
The air sacs have very thin walls full of tiny blood vessels (capillaries). The oxygen in the air you inhale passes into these blood vessels and enters your bloodstream. At the same time, carbon dioxide â a gas that is a waste product of metabolism â is exhaled.
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Your lungs rely on the natural elasticity of the bronchial tubes and air sacs to force air out of your body. COPD causes them to lose their elasticity and over-expand, which leaves some air trapped in your lungs when you exhale. āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¸ āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĨāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ COPD āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻāĻ¤āĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§, āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻāĻ¨ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻāĻā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
Bronchitis Enlarge image
Causes of airway obstruction
Causes of airway obstruction include:
- Emphysema. This lung disease causes destruction of the fragile walls and elastic fibers of the alveoli. Small airways collapse when you exhale, impairing airflow out of your lungs.
- Chronic bronchitis. In this condition, your bronchial tubes become inflamed and narrowed and your lungs produce more mucus, which can further block the narrowed tubes. You develop a chronic cough trying to clear your airways.
- āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§:
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- âĸ āĻā§āĻ°āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻāĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¸āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ˛ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻĢā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻ°ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻˇā§āĻŽāĻž āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§, āĻ¯āĻž āĻ¸āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻŦā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨āĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻžāĻļāĻŋ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Cigarette smoke and other irritants
In the vast majority of people with COPD, the lung damage that leads to COPD is caused by long-term cigarette smoking. But there are likely other factors at play in the development of COPD, such as a genetic susceptibility to the disease, because not all smokers develop COPD.
Other irritants can cause COPD, including cigar smoke, secondhand smoke, pipe smoke, air pollution, and workplace exposure to dust, smoke or fumes.
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Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency
In about 1% of people with COPD, the disease results from a genetic disorder that causes low levels of a protein called alpha-1antitrypsin (AAt). AAt is made in the liver and secreted into the bloodstream to help protect the lungs. Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency can cause liver disease, lung disease or both.
For adults with COPD related to AAt deficiency, treatment options include those used for people with more-common types of COPD. In addition, some people can be treated by replacing the missing AAt protein, which may prevent further damage to the lungs.
āĻāĻ˛āĻĢāĻž-1-āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻĒāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻāĻ¤āĻŋ
COPD-āĻ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ 1% āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§, āĻāĻ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ§āĻŋāĻ° āĻĢāĻ˛ā§ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻ˛āĻĢāĻž-1āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻĒāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨ (AAt) āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ AAt āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻā§ āĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ ââââāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻšā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻ˛āĻĢāĻž-1-āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻĒāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ°ā§āĻ, āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
AAt āĻāĻžāĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ COPD āĻ¸āĻš āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ā§āĻāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯, āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ§āĻ°āĻŖā§āĻ° COPD āĻ¸āĻš āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ, āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻĒāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ¤ AAt āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¸āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§, āĻ¯āĻž āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Risk factors
Risk factors for COPD include:
- Exposure to tobacco smoke. The most significant risk factor for COPD is long-term cigarette smoking. The more years you smoke and the more packs you smoke, the greater your risk. Pipe smokers, cigar smokers and marijuana smokers also may be at risk, as well as people exposed to large amounts of secondhand smoke.
COPD āĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§:
âĸ āĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻā§āĻ° āĻ§ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻšāĻ˛ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦāĻāĻ° āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¯āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§āĻ¨, āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻĒ āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§, āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻž āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§, āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āĻ§ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻļā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§āĨ¤
.People with asthma-Asthma, a chronic inflammatory airway disease, may be a risk factor for developing COPD. The combination of asthma and smoking increases the risk of COPD even more.
āĻ¯āĻžāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻžāĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ-āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŽāĻž, āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨āĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻ°ā§āĻ, āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻšāĻžāĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻŖ COPD āĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
âĸ Occupational exposure to dusts and chemicals-Long-term exposure to chemical fumes, vapors and dusts in the workplace can irritate and inflame your lungs.
âĸ āĻ§ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŖāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻāĻžāĻ°- āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻ§ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž, āĻŦāĻžāĻˇā§āĻĒ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ§ā§āĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŽā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻĻā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻā§ āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¤āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻš āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
- Exposure to fumes from burning fuel-In the developing world, people exposed to fumes from burning fuel for cooking and heating in poorly ventilated homes are at higher risk of developing COPD.
- âĸ āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻĒā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ§ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻļā§ – āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻļā§āĻ˛ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦā§, āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻŽ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻĒā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ§ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻļā§ āĻāĻ¸āĻž āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
- Genetics-The uncommon genetic disorder alpha-1antitrypsin deficiency is the cause of some cases of COPD. Other genetic factors likely make certain smokers more susceptible to the disease.
- âĸ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ¸- āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ˛āĻĢāĻž-1āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻĒāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻŦāĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻāĻŦā§āĻĻāĻ¨āĻļā§āĻ˛ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§āĨ¤
Complications
COPD can cause many complications, including:
- Respiratory infections. People with COPD are more likely to catch colds, the flu and pneumonia. Any respiratory infection can make it much more difficult to breathe and could cause further damage to lung tissue.
- âĸ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖāĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋ, āĻĢā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻ¨āĻž āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
- Heart problems. For reasons that aren’t fully understood, COPD can increase your risk of heart disease, including heart attack
âĸ āĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ°ā§āĻĒā§ āĻŦā§āĻāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻž, COPD āĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ āĻ¸āĻš āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻšā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§.
- Lung cancer. People with COPD have a higher risk of developing lung cancer.
High blood pressure in lung arteries. COPD may cause high blood pressure in the arteries that bring blood to your lungs (pulmonary hypertension).
- Depression. Difficulty breathing can keep you from doing activities that you enjoy. And dealing with serious illness can contribute to the development of depression.
āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤
āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ§āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻĒāĨ¤ COPD āĻ§āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻĒ āĻ¸ā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸ā§ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ ââāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ¸ā§ (āĻĒāĻžāĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻā§āĻ¨āĻļāĻ¨)āĨ¤
āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻŖā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸-āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ§āĻž āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻāĻ˛āĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¤ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻŽā§āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¤āĻžāĻļāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļā§ āĻ āĻŦāĻĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Prevention
Unlike some diseases, COPD typically has a clear cause and a clear path of prevention, and there are ways to slow the progression of the disease. The majority of cases are directly related to cigarette smoking, and the best way to prevent COPD is to never smoke â or to stop smoking now.
āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§, COPD āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻˇā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻĨ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĨ¤ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤, āĻāĻŦāĻ COPD āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž â āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĨ¤
If you’re a longtime smoker, these simple statements may not seem so simple, especially if you’ve tried quitting â once, twice or many times before. But keep trying to quit. It’s critical to find a tobacco cessation program that can help you quit for good. It’s your best chance for reducing damage to your lungs.
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻ§āĻ°ā§ āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻšāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻšāĻ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ â āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ°, āĻĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻšā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽ āĻā§āĻāĻā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ¯ā§āĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧā§ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻāĨ¤
Occupational exposure to chemical fumes and dusts is another risk factor for COPD. If you work with these types of lung irritants, talk to your supervisor about the best ways to protect yourself, such as using respiratory protective equipment.
āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻ§ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ§ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻļāĻžāĻāĻ¤ āĻāĻā§āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸ āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨, āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻā§ āĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻŦā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨, āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻŽ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻžāĨ¤
Here are some steps you can take to help prevent complications associated with COPD:
āĻāĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻĒāĻĻāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻĒ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ COPD āĻāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§ā§ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨:
- Quit smoking to help reduce your risk of heart disease and lung cancer.
- Get an annual flu vaccination and regular vaccination against pneumococcal pneumonia to reduce your risk of or prevent some infections.
Talk to your doctor if you feel sad or helpless or think that you may be experiencing depression.
âĸ āĻšā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
âĸ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻŽā§āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻāĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻ§ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻˇāĻŋāĻ āĻĢā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻĻā§: āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŦā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻŖā§āĻ¨āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻšāĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Diagnosis
Spirometer
COPD is commonly misdiagnosed. Many people who have COPD may not be diagnosed until the disease is advanced.
To diagnose your condition, your doctor will review your signs and symptoms, discuss your family and medical history, and discuss any exposure you’ve had to lung irritants â especially cigarette smoke. Your doctor may order several tests to diagnose your condition.
COPD āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ˛ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻ¯āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋ āĻāĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ°ā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻž āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯, āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§āĻ¨, āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ˛āĻž-āĻ¯āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻā§āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻāĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻ°āĻŦā§āĻ¨ – āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ§ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻļ āĻāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻļ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Tests may include:
Lung (pulmonary) function tests. These tests measure the amount of air you can inhale and exhale, and whether your lungs deliver enough oxygen to your blood. During the most common test, called spirometry, you blow into a large tube connected to a small machine to measure how much air your lungs can hold and how fast you can blow the air out of your lungs. Other tests include measurement of lung volumes and diffusing capacity, six-minute walk test, and pulse oximetry.
āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸ (āĻĒāĻžāĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°āĻŋ) āĻĢāĻžāĻāĻļāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻ āĻā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŦāĻ°āĻžāĻš āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻžāĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽāĻ āĻ¸āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧ, āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸ āĻāĻ¤āĻāĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¸ āĻ§āĻ°ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ¤ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ¸ āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ āĻŽā§āĻļāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¸āĻāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŦā§ āĻĢā§āĻ āĻĻā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĄāĻŋāĻĢāĻŋāĻāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒ, āĻāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¸ āĻ āĻā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĨ¤
- Chest X-ray. A chest X-ray can show emphysema, one of the main causes of COPD. An X-ray can also rule out other lung problems or heart failure.
âĸ āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻ¸-āĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻ¸-āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻĢāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§, āĻ¯āĻž COPD āĻāĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻ¤āĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ§āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻ¸-āĻ°ā§ āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ āĻĢā§āĻāĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻ°āĻ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
- CT scan. A CT scan of your lungs can help detect emphysema and help determine if you might benefit from surgery for COPD. CT scans can also be used to screen for lung cancer.
âĸ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻŽāĻĢāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻž āĻļāĻ¨āĻžāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ COPD āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻāĻĒāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
- Arterial blood gas analysis. This blood test measures how well your lungs are bringing oxygen into your blood and removing carbon dioxide.
āĻ§āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ ââāĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ˛ā§āĻˇāĻŖāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ ââââāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻ¤āĻāĻž āĻ āĻā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ¨āĻā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻĄāĻžāĻ āĻ āĻā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻāĻĄ āĻ āĻĒāĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻā§āĨ¤
- Laboratory tests. Lab tests aren’t used to diagnose COPD, but they may be used to determine the cause of your symptoms or rule out other conditions. For example, lab tests may be used to determine if you have the genetic disorder alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency, which may be the cause of COPD in some people. This test may be done if you have a family history of COPD and develop COPD at a young age.
âĸ āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻŋ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĨ¤ āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ COPD āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŖāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻ¤āĻŋāĻ˛ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻĻāĻžāĻšāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻĒ, āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸āĻ āĻ°ā§āĻĄāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ˛āĻĢāĻž-1-āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻĒāĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻā§ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻž āĻ¤āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§, āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ COPD āĻāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ¤āĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ¸ā§ COPD āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ā§ COPD āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻļ āĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Treatment
Many people with COPD have mild forms of the disease for which little therapy is needed other than smoking cessation. Even for more advanced stages of disease, effective therapy is available that can control symptoms, slow progression, reduce your risk of
complications and exacerbations, and improve your ability to lead an active life.
āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āĻ¸āĻž
āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋ-āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻšāĻžāĻ˛āĻāĻž āĻ°ā§āĻĒ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĨā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒāĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨āĻāĻŋ āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯, āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ° āĻĨā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ˛āĻŦā§āĻ§ āĻ¯āĻž āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§, āĻ§ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ§ā§āĻ°ā§ āĻ āĻā§āĻ°āĻāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§, āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻž, āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Quitting smoking
The most essential step in any treatment plan for COPD is to quit all smoking. Stopping smoking can keep COPD from getting worse and reducing your ability to breathe. But quitting smoking isn’t easy. And this task may seem particularly daunting if you’ve tried to quit and have been unsuccessful.
Talk to your doctor about nicotine replacement products and medications that might help, as well as how to handle relapses. Your doctor may also recommend a support group for people who want to quit smoking. Also, avoid secondhand smoke exposure whenever possible.
āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž
COPD-āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§āĻ¸āĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĒāĻĻāĻā§āĻˇā§āĻĒ āĻšāĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¤ āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ§ā§āĻŽāĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¸āĻšāĻ āĻ¨āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻˇāĻāĻžāĻŦā§ āĻāĻ āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻ¨āĨ¤
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Medications
Several kinds of medications are used to treat the symptoms and complications of COPD. You may take some medications on a regular basis and others as needed.
āĻāĻˇā§āĻ§
COPD-āĻāĻ° āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻˇā§āĻ§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻāĻˇā§āĻ§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
Bronchodilators
Bronchodilators are medications that usually come in inhalers â they relax the muscles around your airways. This can help relieve coughing and shortness of breath and make breathing easier. Depending on the severity of your disease, you may need a shortacting bronchodilator before activities, a long-acting bronchodilator that you use every day or both.
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Examples of short-acting bronchodilators include:
- Albuterol (ProAir HFA, Ventolin HFA, others)
- Ipratropium (Atrovent HFA)
- Levalbuterol (Xopenex)
Examples of long-acting bronchodilators include:
- Aclidinium (Tudorza Pressair)
- Arformoterol (Brovana)
- Formoterol (Perforomist)
- Indacaterol (Arcapta Neoinhaler)
- Tiotropium (Spiriva)
- Salmeterol (Serevent)
- Umeclidinium (Incruse Ellipta)
Inhaled steroids
Inhaled corticosteroid medications can reduce airway inflammation and help prevent exacerbations. Side effects may include bruising, oral infections and hoarseness. These medications are useful for people with frequent exacerbations of COPD. Examples of inhaled steroids include:
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- Fluticasone (Flovent HFA)
- Budesonide (Pulmicort Flexhaler) Combination inhalers
Some medications combine bronchodilators and inhaled steroids. Examples of these combination inhalers include:
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- Fluticasone and vilanterol (Breo Ellipta)
- Fluticasone, umeclidinium and vilanterol (Trelegy Ellipta)
- Formoterol and budesonide (Symbicort)
- Salmeterol and fluticasone (Advair HFA, AirDuo Digihaler, others)
Combination inhalers that include more than one type of bronchodilator also are available. Examples of these include:
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- Aclidinium and formoterol (Duaklir Pressair)
- Albuterol and ipratropium (Combivent Respimat)
- Formoterol and glycopyrrolate (Bevespi Aerosphere)
- Glycopyrrolate and indacaterol (Utibron)
- Olodaterol and tiotropium (Stiolto Respimat)
- Umeclidinium and vilanterol (Anoro Ellipta)
Oral steroids
For people who experience periods when their COPD becomes more severe, called moderate or severe acute exacerbation, short courses (for example, five days) of oral corticosteroids may prevent further worsening of COPD. However, long-term use of these medications can have serious side effects, such as weight gain, diabetes, osteoporosis, cataracts and an increased risk of infection.
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Phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitors
A medication approved for people with severe COPD and symptoms of chronic bronchitis is roflumilast (Daliresp), a phosphodiesterase-4 inhibitor. This drug decreases airway inflammation and relaxes the airways. Common side effects include diarrhea and weight loss.
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Theophylline
When other treatment has been ineffective or if cost is a factor, theophylline (Elixophyllin, Theo-24, Theochron), a less expensive medication, may help improve breathing and prevent episodes of worsening COPD. Side effects are dose related and may include nausea, headache, fast heartbeat and tremor, so tests are used to monitor blood levels of the medication.
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Antibiotics
Respiratory infections, such as acute bronchitis, pneumonia and influenza, can aggravate COPD symptoms. Antibiotics help treat episodes of worsening COPD, but they aren’t generally recommended for prevention. Some studies show that certain antibiotics, such as azithromycin (Zithromax), prevent episodes of worsening COPD, but side effects and antibiotic resistance may limit their use.
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Lung therapies
Doctors often use these additional therapies for people with moderate or severe COPD:
āĻĢā§āĻ¸āĻĢā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻĨā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒāĻŋ
āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻļāĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋ āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĨā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒāĻŋ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨:
- Oxygen therapy. If there isn’t enough oxygen in your blood, you may need supplemental oxygen. There are several devices that deliver oxygen to your lungs, including lightweight, portable units that you can take with you to run errands and get around town.
Some people with COPD use oxygen only during activities or while sleeping. Others use oxygen all the time. Oxygen
therapy can improve quality of life and is the only COPD therapy proved to extend life. Talk to your doctor about your needs and options.
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āĻĨā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒāĻŋ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻāĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ° COPD āĻĨā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒāĻŋ āĻ¯āĻž āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻžāĻŖāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
- Pulmonary rehabilitation program. These programs generally combine education, exercise training, nutrition advice and counseling. You’ll work with a variety of specialists, who can tailor your rehabilitation program to meet your needs.
Pulmonary rehabilitation after episodes of worsening COPD may reduce readmission to the hospital, increase your ability to participate in everyday activities and improve your quality of life. Talk to your doctor about referral to a program.
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āĻ¸āĻŋāĻāĻĒāĻŋāĻĄāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻĒ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻŦā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻĒāĻžāĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ°āĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ¨āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻ¨ āĻšāĻžāĻ¸āĻĒāĻžāĻ¤āĻžāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§, āĻĻā§āĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻāĻāĻ°ā§āĻŽā§ āĻ āĻāĻļāĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻŽāĻ¤āĻž āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§ āĻ°ā§āĻĢāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ˛ āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĄāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
In-home noninvasive ventilation therapy
Evidence supports in-hospital use of breathing devices such as bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP), but some research now supports the benefit of its use at home. A noninvasive ventilation therapy machine with a mask helps to improve breathing and decrease retention of carbon dioxide (hypercapnia) that may lead to acute respiratory failure and hospitalization. More research is needed to determine the best ways to use this therapy.
āĻāĻ¨-āĻšā§āĻŽ āĻ¨āĻ¨-āĻāĻ¨āĻā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ˛ā§āĻļāĻ¨ āĻĨā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĒāĻŋ
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Managing exacerbations
Even with ongoing treatment, you may experience times when symptoms become worse for days or weeks. This is called an acute exacerbation, and it may lead to lung failure if you don’t receive prompt treatment.
Exacerbations may be caused by a respiratory infection, air pollution or other triggers of inflammation. Whatever the cause, it’s important to seek prompt medical help if you notice a sustained increase in coughing or a change in your mucus, or if you have a harder time breathing.
exacerbations āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ˛āĻ¨āĻž
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When exacerbations occur, you may need additional medications (such as antibiotics, steroids or both), supplemental oxygen or treatment in the hospital. Once symptoms improve, your doctor can talk with you about measures to prevent future exacerbations, such as quitting smoking; taking inhaled steroids, long-acting bronchodilators or other medications; getting your annual flu vaccine; and avoiding air pollution whenever possible.
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Surgery
Surgery is an option for some people with some forms of severe emphysema who aren’t helped sufficiently by medications alone. Surgical options include:
āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŋ
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- Lung volume reduction surgery. In this surgery, your surgeon removes small wedges of damaged lung tissue from the upper lungs. This creates extra space in your chest cavity so that the remaining healthier lung tissue can expand and the diaphragm can work more efficiently. In some people, this surgery can improve quality of life and prolong survival.
Endoscopic lung volume reduction â a minimally invasive procedure â has recently been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to treat people with COPD. A tiny one-way endobronchial valve is placed in the lung, allowing the most damaged lobe to shrink so that the healthier part of the lung has more space to expand and function.
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- Lung transplant. Lung transplantation may be an option for certain people who meet specific criteria. Transplantation can improve your ability to breathe and to be active. However, it’s a major operation that has significant risks, such as organ rejection, and you’ll need to take lifelong immune-suppressing medications.
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- Bullectomy. Large air spaces (bullae) form in the lungs when the walls of the air sacs (alveoli) are destroyed. These bullae can become very large and cause breathing problems. In a bullectomy, doctors remove bullae from the lungs to help improve air flow.
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Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how the body uses blood sugar (glucose). Glucose is an important source of energy for the cells that make up the muscles and tissues. It’s also the brain’s main source of fuel.
The main cause of diabetes varies by type. But no matter what type of diabetes you have, it can lead to excess sugar in the blood. Too much sugar in the blood can lead to serious health problems.
Chronic diabetes conditions include type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Potentially reversible diabetes conditions include prediabetes and gestational diabetes. Prediabetes happens when blood sugar levels are higher than normal. But the blood sugar levels aren’t high enough to be called diabetes. And prediabetes can lead to diabetes unless steps are taken to prevent it. Gestational diabetes happens during pregnancy. But it may go away after the baby is born.
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Symptoms
Diabetes symptoms depend on how high your blood sugar is. Some people, especially if they have prediabetes, gestational diabetes or type 2 diabetes, may not have symptoms. In type 1 diabetes symptoms tend to come on quickly and be more severe. āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻ
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Some of the symptoms of type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes are:
- Feeling more thirsty than usual.
- Urinating often.
- Losing weight without trying.
- Presence of ketones in the urine. Ketones are a byproduct of the breakdown of muscle and fat that happens when there’s not enough available insulin.
- Feeling tired and weak.
- Feeling irritable or having other mood changes.
- Having blurry vision.
- Having slow-healing sores.
- Getting a lot of infections, such as gum, skin and vaginal infections.
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Type 1 diabetes can start at any age. But it often starts during childhood or teen years. Type 2 diabetes, the more common type, can develop at any age. Type 2 diabetes is more common in people older than 40. But type 2 diabetes in children is increasing.
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When to see a doctor
- If you think you or your child may have diabetes. If you notice any possible diabetes symptoms, contact your health care provider. The earlier the condition is diagnosed, the sooner treatment can begin.
- If you’ve already been diagnosed with diabetes. After you receive your diagnosis, you’ll need close medical follow-up until your blood sugar levels stabilize.
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Causes
To understand diabetes, it’s important to understand how the body normally uses glucose.
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How insulin works
Insulin is a hormone that comes from a gland behind and below the stomach (pancreas).
- The pancreas releases insulin into the bloodstream.
- The insulin circulates, letting sugar enter the cells.
- Insulin lowers the amount of sugar in the bloodstream.
- As the blood sugar level drops, so does the secretion of insulin from the pancreas.
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The role of glucose
Glucose â a sugar â is a source of energy for the cells that make up muscles and other tissues.
- Glucose comes from two major sources: food and the liver.
- Sugar is absorbed into the bloodstream, where it enters cells with the help of insulin.
- The liver stores and makes glucose.
- When glucose levels are low, such as when you haven’t eaten in a while, the liver breaks down stored glycogen into glucose. This keeps your glucose level within a typical range.
The exact cause of most types of diabetes is unknown. In all cases, sugar builds up in the bloodstream. This is because the pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes may be caused by a combination of genetic or environmental factors. It is unclear what those factors may be.
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Risk factors
Risk factors for diabetes depend on the type of diabetes. Family history may play a part in all types. Environmental factors and geography can add to the risk of type 1 diabetes.
Sometimes family members of people with type 1 diabetes are tested for the presence of diabetes immune system cells (autoantibodies). If you have these autoantibodies, you have an increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes. But not everyone who has these autoantibodies develops diabetes.
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Race or ethnicity also may raise your risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Although it’s unclear why, certain people â including Black, Hispanic, American Indian and Asian American people â are at higher risk.
Prediabetes, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes are more common in people who are overweight or obese.
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Complications
Long-term complications of diabetes develop gradually. The longer you have diabetes â and the less controlled your blood sugar â the higher the risk of complications. Eventually, diabetes complications may be disabling or even life-threatening. In fact, prediabetes can lead to type 2 diabetes. Possible complications inc āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž
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- Heart and blood vessel (cardiovascular) disease. Diabetes majorly increases the risk of many heart problems. These can include coronary artery disease with chest pain (angina), heart attack, stroke and narrowing of arteries
(atherosclerosis). If you have diabetes, you’re more likely to have heart disease or stroke.
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- Nerve damage from diabetes (diabetic neuropathy). Too much sugar can injure the walls of the tiny blood vessels (capillaries) that nourish the nerves, especially in the legs. This can cause tingling, numbness, burning or pain that usually begins at the tips of the toes or fingers and gradually spreads upward.
Damage to the nerves related to digestion can cause problems with nausea, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation. For men, it may lead to erectile dysfunction.
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- Kidney damage from diabetes (diabetic nephropathy). The kidneys hold millions of tiny blood vessel clusters (glomeruli) that filter waste from the blood. Diabetes can damage this delicate filtering system.
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- Eye damage from diabetes (diabetic retinopathy). Diabetes can damage the blood vessels of the eye. This could lead to blindness.
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- Foot damage. Nerve damage in the feet or poor blood flow to the feet increases the risk of many foot complications.
- Skin and mouth conditions. Diabetes may leave you more prone to skin problems, including bacterial and fungal infections.
- âĸ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋāĨ¤ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻ¨āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ˛ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ ââāĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻžāĻš āĻĒāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
- âĸ āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĨ¤ āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻā§ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ¸āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻŽāĻŖ āĻ¸āĻš āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻŖ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
- Hearing impairment. Hearing problems are more common in people with diabetes.
- Alzheimer’s disease. Type 2 diabetes may increase the risk of dementia, such as Alzheimer’s disease.
- Depression related to diabetes. Depression symptoms are common in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
âĸ āĻļā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻŖāĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ§āĻāĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤ āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻļā§āĻ°āĻŦāĻŖ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻž āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
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Complications of gestational diabetes
Most women who have gestational diabetes deliver healthy babies. However, untreated or uncontrolled blood sugar levels can cause problems for you and your baby.
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Complications in your baby can be caused by gestational diabetes, including:
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻļāĻŋāĻļā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§, āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§:
- Excess growth. Extra glucose can cross the placenta. Extra glucose triggers the baby’s pancreas to make extra insulin. This can cause your baby to grow too large. It can lead to a difficult birth and sometimes the need for a C-section.
- Low blood sugar. Sometimes babies of mothers with gestational diabetes develop low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) shortly after birth. This is because their own insulin production is high.
- Type 2 diabetes later in life. Babies of mothers who have gestational diabetes have a higher risk of developing obesity and type 2 diabetes later in life.
- Death. Untreated gestational diabetes can lead to a baby’s death either before or shortly after birth.
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Complications in the mother also can be caused by gestational diabetes, including:
- Preeclampsia. Symptoms of this condition include high blood pressure, too much protein in the urine, and swelling in the legs and feet.
- Gestational diabetes. If you had gestational diabetes in one pregnancy, you’re more likely to have it again with the next pregnancy.
āĻŽāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§, āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§:
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Prevention
Type 1 diabetes can’t be prevented. But the healthy lifestyle choices that help treat prediabetes, type 2 diabetes and gestational diabetes can also help prevent them:
āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§
āĻāĻžāĻāĻĒ 1 āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¨āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻ¯āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸, āĻāĻžāĻāĻĒ 2 āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸āĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°ā§:
- Eat healthy foods. Choose foods lower in fat and calories and higher in fiber. Focus on fruits, vegetables and whole grains. Eat a variety to keep from feeling bored.
- âĸ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋ āĻ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĢāĻžāĻāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻā§ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻĢāĻ˛, āĻļāĻžāĻāĻ¸āĻŦāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻāĻž āĻļāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ā§āĻ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻžāĻŦ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨ āĻ°āĻāĻŽ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤
- Get more physical activity. Try to get about 30 minutes of moderate aerobic activity on most days of the week. Or aim to get at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic activity a week. For example, take a brisk daily walk. If you can’t fit in a long workout, break it up into smaller sessions throughout the day.
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- Lose excess pounds. If you’re overweight, losing even 7% of your body weight can lower the risk of diabetes. For example, if you weigh 200 pounds (90.7 kilograms), losing 14 pounds (6.4 kilograms) can lower the risk of diabetes.
But don’t try to lose weight during pregnancy. Talk to your provider about how much weight is healthy for you to gain during pregnancy.
To keep your weight in a healthy range, work on long-term changes to your eating and exercise habits. Remember the benefits of losing weight, such as a healthier heart, more energy and higher self-esteem.
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Sometimes drugs are an option. Oral diabetes drugs such as metformin (Glumetza, Fortamet, others) may lower the risk of type 2 diabetes. But healthy lifestyle choices are important. If you have prediabetes, have your blood sugar checked at least once a year to make sure you haven’t developed type 2 diabetes.
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Type 1 diabetes symptoms often start suddenly and are often the reason for checking blood sugar levels. Because symptoms of other types of diabetes and prediabetes come on more gradually or may not be easy to see, the American Diabetes Association (ADA) has developed screening guidelines. The ADA recommends that the following people be screened for diabetes:
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- Anyone with a body mass index higher than 25 (23 for Asian Americans), regardless of age, who has additional risk factors. These factors include high blood pressure, nontypical cholesterol levels, an inactive lifestyle, a history of polycystic ovary syndrome or heart disease, and having a close relative with diabetes.
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- Anyone older than age 35 is advised to get an initial blood sugar screening. If the results are normal, they should be screened every three years after that.
- Women who have had gestational diabetes are advised to be screened./ for diabetes every three years.
- Anyone who has been diagnosed with prediabetes is advised to be tested every year.
- Anyone who has HIV is advised to be tested.
âĸ 35 āĻŦāĻāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻŦāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ¸ā§ āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻĨāĻŽāĻŋāĻ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻĢāĻ˛āĻžāĻĢāĻ˛ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻšāĻ˛ā§, āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻĒāĻ° āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤
âĸ āĻ¯ā§āĻ¸āĻŦ āĻŽāĻšāĻŋāĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻāĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ āĻāĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻāĻ°ā§ āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
âĸ āĻ¯ā§ āĻā§āĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻŦāĻāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
âĸ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻā§ āĻ¤āĻžāĻā§ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻĻā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
Tests for type 1 and type 2 diabetes and prediabetes
- A1C test. This blood test, which doesn’t require not eating for a period of time (fasting), shows your average blood sugar level for the past 2 to 3 months. It measures the percentage of blood sugar attached to hemoglobin, the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells. It’s also called a glycated hemoglobin test.
The higher your blood sugar levels, the more hemoglobin you’ll have with sugar attached. An A1C level of 6.5% or higher on two separate tests means that you have diabetes.
An A1C between 5.7% and 6.4% means that you have prediabetes. Below 5.7% is considered normal.
āĻāĻžāĻāĻĒ 1 āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻžāĻāĻĒ 2 āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž
âĸ A1C āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ ââāĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž, āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ (āĻāĻĒāĻŦāĻžāĻ¸) āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻāĻ¨ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¨āĻž, āĻāĻ¤ 2 āĻĨā§āĻā§ 3 āĻŽāĻžāĻ¸ āĻ§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĄāĻŧ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻļāĻ¤āĻžāĻāĻļ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻ°ā§, āĻ˛āĻžāĻ˛ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ ââââāĻā§āĻˇā§ āĻ āĻā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻšāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻā§āĻā§āĻĄ āĻšāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ āĻŦāĻ˛āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ¯āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻšāĻŦā§, āĻ¤āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻšāĻŋāĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ 6.5% āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ A1C āĻ¸ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻšāĻ˛ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ āĻāĻā§āĨ¤
5.7% āĻāĻŦāĻ 6.4% āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ A1C āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ 5.7% āĻāĻ° āĻ¨ā§āĻā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
- Random blood sugar test. A blood sample will be taken at a random time. No matter when you last ate, a blood sugar level of 200 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL) â 11.1 millimoles per liter (mmol/L) â or higher suggests diabetes.
âĸ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ˛ā§āĻŽā§āĻ˛ā§ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻļā§āĻˇ āĻāĻŦā§ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻž āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨āĻž, āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž 200 āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻĄā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° (mg/dL) – 11.1 āĻŽāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻ¸ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻžāĻ° (mmol/L) – āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
- Fasting blood sugar test. A blood sample will be taken after you haven’t eaten anything the night before (fast). A fasting blood sugar level less than 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) is normal. A fasting blood sugar level from 100 to 125 mg/dL (5.6 to 6.9 mmol/L) is considered prediabetes. If it’s 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) or higher on two separate tests, you have diabetes.
âĸ āĻāĻĒāĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ā§ (āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤) āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ¨āĻž āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ 100 mg/dL (5.6 mmol/L) āĻāĻ° āĻāĻŽ āĻāĻĒāĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĨ¤ 100 āĻĨā§āĻā§ 125 mg/dL (5.6 āĻĨā§āĻā§ 6.9 mmol/L) āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻĻā§āĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻĨāĻ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻāĻāĻŋ 126 mg/dL (7 mmol/L) āĻŦāĻž āĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻšāĻ˛ā§, āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ āĻāĻā§āĨ¤
- Glucose tolerance test. For this test, you fast overnight. Then, the fasting blood sugar level is measured. Then you drink a sugary liquid, and blood sugar levels are tested regularly for the next two hours.
A blood sugar level less than 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) is normal. A reading of more than 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) after two hours means you have diabetes. A reading between 140 and 199 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L and 11.0 mmol/L) means you have prediabetes.
âĸ āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ āĻ¸āĻšāĻ¨āĻļā§āĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯, āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°, āĻāĻĒāĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ¤āĻžāĻ°āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯ā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ¤āĻ°āĻ˛ āĻĒāĻžāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŦāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĻā§āĻ āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L) āĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻŽ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻāĨ¤ āĻĻā§āĻ āĻāĻŖā§āĻāĻž āĻĒāĻ° 200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) āĻāĻ° āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻ°āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ 140 āĻāĻŦāĻ 199 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L āĻāĻŦāĻ 11.0 mmol/L) āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ°āĻŋāĻĄāĻŋāĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ āĻāĻā§āĨ¤
If your provider thinks you may have type 1 diabetes, they may test your urine to look for the presence of ketones. Ketones are a byproduct produced when muscle and fat are used for energy. Your provider will also probably run a test to see if you have the destructive immune system cells associated with type 1 diabetes called autoantibodies.
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Your provider will likely see if you’re at high risk for gestational diabetes early in your pregnancy. If you’re at high risk, your provider may test for diabetes at your first prenatal visit. If you’re at average risk, you’ll probably be screened sometime during your second trimester.
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Treatment
Depending on what type of diabetes you have, blood sugar monitoring, insulin and oral drugs may be part of your treatment. Eating a healthy diet, staying at a healthy weight and getting regular physical activity also are important parts of managing diabetes.
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Treatments for all types of diabetes
An important part of managing diabetes â as well as your overall health â is keeping a healthy weight through a healthy diet and exercise plan:
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- Healthy eating. Your diabetes diet is simply a healthy-eating plan that will help you control your blood sugar. You’ll need to focus your diet on more fruits, vegetables, lean proteins and whole grains. These are foods that are high in nutrition and fiber and low in fat and calories. You’ll also cut down on saturated fats, refined carbohydrates and sweets. In fact, it’s the best eating plan for the entire family. Sugary foods are OK once in a while. They must be counted as part of your meal plan.
Understanding what and how much to eat can be a challenge. A registered dietitian can help you create a meal plan that fits your health goals, food preferences and lifestyle. This will likely include carbohydrate counting, especially if you have type 1 diabetes or use insulin as part of your treatment.
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- Physical activity. Everyone needs regular aerobic activity. This includes people who have diabetes. Physical activity lowers your blood sugar level by moving sugar into your cells, where it’s used for energy. Physical activity also makes your body more sensitive to insulin. That means your body needs less insulin to transport sugar to your cells.
Get your provider’s OK to exercise. Then choose activities you enjoy, such as walking, swimming or biking. What’s most important is making physical activity part of your daily routine.
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Aim for at least 30 minutes or more of moderate physical activity most days of the week, or at least 150 minutes of moderate physical activity a week. Bouts of activity can be a few minutes during the day. If you haven’t been active for a while, start slowly and build up slowly. Also avoid sitting for too long. Try to get up and move if you’ve been sitting for more than 30 minutes.
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Treatments for type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Treatment for type 1 diabetes involves insulin injections or the use of an insulin pump, frequent blood sugar checks, and carbohydrate counting. For some people with type 1 diabetes, pancreas transplant or islet cell transplant may be an option.
Treatment of type 2 diabetes mostly involves lifestyle changes, monitoring of your blood sugar, along with oral diabetes drugs, insulin or both.
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Monitoring your blood sugar
Depending on your treatment plan, you may check and record your blood sugar as many as four times a day or more often if you’re taking insulin. Careful blood sugar testing is the only way to make sure that your blood sugar level remains within your target range. People with type 2 diabetes who aren’t taking insulin generally check their blood sugar much less often.
People who receive insulin therapy also may choose to monitor their blood sugar levels with a continuous glucose monitor. Although this technology hasn’t yet completely replaced the glucose meter, it can lower the number of fingersticks necessary to check blood sugar and provide important information about trends in blood sugar levels.
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Even with careful management, blood sugar levels can sometimes change unpredictably. With help from your diabetes treatment team, you’ll learn how your blood sugar level changes in response to food, physical activity, medications, illness, alcohol and stress. For women, you’ll learn how your blood sugar level changes in response to changes in hormone levels.
Besides daily blood sugar monitoring, your provider will likely recommend regular A1C testing to measure your average blood sugar level for the past 2 to 3 months.
Compared with repeated daily blood sugar tests, A1C testing shows better how well your diabetes treatment plan is working overall. A higher A1C level may signal the need for a change in your oral drugs, insulin regimen or meal plan.
Your target A1C goal may vary depending on your age and various other factors, such as other medical conditions you may have or your ability to feel when your blood sugar is low. However, for most people with diabetes, the American Diabetes Association recommends an A1C of below 7%. Ask your provider what your A1C target is.
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Insulin
People with type 1 diabetes must use insulin to manage blood sugar to survive. Many people with type 2 diabetes or gestational diabetes also need insulin therapy.
Many types of insulin are available, including short-acting (regular insulin), rapid-acting insulin, long-acting insulin and intermediate options. Depending on your needs, your provider may prescribe a mixture of insulin types to use during the day and night.
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Insulin can’t be taken orally to lower blood sugar because stomach enzymes interfere with insulin’s action. Insulin is often injected using a fine needle and syringe or an insulin pen â a device that looks like a large ink pen.
An insulin pump also may be an option. The pump is a device about the size of a small cellphone worn on the outside of your body. A tube connects the reservoir of insulin to a tube (catheter) that’s inserted under the skin of your abdomen. â
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A continuous glucose monitor, on the left, is a device that measures blood sugar every few minutes using a sensor inserted under the skin. An insulin pump, attached to the pocket, is a device that’s worn outside of the body with a tube that connects the reservoir of insulin to a catheter inserted under the skin of the abdomen. Insulin pumps are programmed to deliver specific amounts of insulin continuously and with food.
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āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻā§āĻ¤ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ āĻ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻĢāĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¤ā§ āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ āĻĨāĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻāĻĒ 2 āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻ¤ā§ āĻŦāĻžāĻ§āĻž āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āĻ¯āĻŽā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ° āĻāĻāĻ¨ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻž āĻ¸āĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ A tubeless pump that works wirelessly is also now available. You program an insulin pump to dispense specific amounts of insulin. It can be adjusted to give out more or less insulin depending on meals, activity level and blood sugar level.
A closed loop system is a device implanted in the body that links a continuous glucose monitor to an insulin pump. The monitor checks blood sugar levels regularly. The device automatically delivers the right amount of insulin when the monitor shows that it’s needed.
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The Food and Drug Administration has approved several hybrid closed loop systems for type 1 diabetes. They are called “hybrid” because these systems require some input from the user. For example, you may have to tell the device how many carbohydrates are eaten, or confirm blood sugar levels from time to time.
A closed loop system that doesn’t need any user input isn’t available yet. But more of these systems currently are in clinical trials.
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Oral or other drugs
Sometimes your provider may prescribe other oral or injected drugs as well. Some diabetes drugs help your pancreas to release more insulin. Others prevent the production and release of glucose from your liver, which means you need less insulin to move sugar into your cells.
Still others block the action of stomach or intestinal enzymes that break down carbohydrates, slowing their absorption, or make your tissues more sensitive to insulin. Metformin (Glumetza, Fortamet, others) is generally the first drug prescribed for type 2 diabetes.
Another class of medication called SGLT2 inhibitors may be used. They work by preventing the kidneys from reabsorbing filtered sugar into the blood. Instead, the sugar is eliminated in the urine.
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Transplantation
In some people who have type 1 diabetes, a pancreas transplant may be an option. Islet transplants are being studied as well. With a successful pancreas transplant, you would no longer need insulin therapy.
But transplants aren’t always successful. And these procedures pose serious risks. You need a lifetime of immune-suppressing drugs to prevent organ rejection. These drugs can have serious side effects. Because of this, transplants are usually reserved for people whose diabetes can’t be controlled or those who also need a kidney transplant.
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Bariatric surgery
Some people with type 2 diabetes who are obese and have a body mass index higher than 35 may be helped by some types of bariatric surgery. People who’ve had gastric bypass have seen major improvements in their blood sugar levels. But this procedure’s long-term risks and benefits for type 2 diabetes aren’t yet known.
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Treatment for gestational diabetes
Controlling your blood sugar level is essential to keeping your baby healthy. It can also keep you from having complications during delivery. In addition to having a healthy diet and exercising regularly, your treatment plan for gestational diabetes may include monitoring your blood sugar. In some cases, you may also use insulin or oral drugs.
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Your provider will monitor your blood sugar level during labor. If your blood sugar rises, your baby may release high levels of insulin. This can lead to low blood sugar right after birth.
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Treatment for prediabetes
Treatment for prediabetes usually involves healthy lifestyle choices. These habits can help bring your blood sugar level back to normal. Or it could keep it from rising toward the levels seen in type 2 diabetes. Keeping a healthy weight through exercise and healthy eating can help. Exercising at least 150 minutes a week and losing about 7% of your body weight may prevent or delay type 2 diabetes.
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āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻŖāĻ¤ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§āĻĨā§āĻ¯āĻāĻ° āĻā§āĻŦāĻ¨āĻ§āĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻĻ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¸āĻĒā§āĻ¤āĻžāĻšā§ āĻāĻŽāĻĒāĻā§āĻˇā§ 150 āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŽ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ 7% āĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻāĻžāĻāĻĒ 2 āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻ§ āĻŦāĻž āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Drugs â such as metformin, statins and high blood pressure medications â may be an option for some people with prediabetes and other conditions such as heart disease.
āĻāĻˇā§āĻ§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ – āĻ¯ā§āĻŽāĻ¨ āĻŽā§āĻāĻĢāĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¨, āĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻŋāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻāĻžāĻĒā§āĻ° āĻāĻˇā§āĻ§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ – āĻāĻŋāĻā§ āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻšā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤
Signs of trouble in any type of diabetes
Many factors can affect your blood sugar. Problems may sometimes come up that need care right away.
āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻ¸āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻāĻ¸āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻāĻ¨āĻ āĻ¯āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĻāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°āĨ¤
High blood sugar
High blood sugar (hyperglycemia in diabetes) can occur for many reasons, including eating too much, being sick or not taking enough glucose-lowering medication. Check your blood sugar level as directed by your provider. And watch for symptoms of high blood sugar, including:
āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻž
āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻž (āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ā§ āĻšāĻžāĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž) āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§, āĻ¯āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž, āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻŦāĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒā§āĻ¤ āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ-āĻšā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻˇā§āĻ§ āĻ¨āĻž āĻāĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻ¸āĻšāĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļ āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨, āĻ¸āĻš:
- Urinating often
- Feeling thirstier than usual
- Blurred vision
- Tiredness (fatigue)
- Headache
- Irritability
âĸ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŦ āĻāĻ°āĻž
âĸ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻĒāĻŋāĻĒāĻžāĻ¸āĻž āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻāĻŦ āĻāĻ°āĻž
âĸ āĻāĻžāĻĒāĻ¸āĻž āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ
âĸ āĻā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ (āĻā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ)
âĸ āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻĨāĻž
âĸ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
If you have hyperglycemia, you’ll need to adjust your meal plan, drugs or both.
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻā§, āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻ˛ā§āĻĒāĻ¨āĻž, āĻāĻˇā§āĻ§ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻ āĻ¸āĻžāĻŽāĻā§āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤
Increased ketones in your urine
Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious complication of diabetes. If your cells are starved for energy, your body may begin to break down fat. This makes toxic acids known as ketones, which can build up in the blood. Watch for the following symptoms:
āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻā§āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻĄā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¸ āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻ° āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¤āĻ° āĻāĻāĻŋāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻžāĨ¤ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻā§āĻˇāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ§āĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¤ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻāĻ¤ā§ āĻļā§āĻ°ā§ āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻžāĻŽā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇāĻžāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻ ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¸āĻŋāĻĄ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻāĻ°ā§, āĻ¯āĻž āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻž āĻšāĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨:
- Nausea
- Vomiting
- Stomach (abdominal) pain
- A sweet, fruity smell on your breath
- Shortness of breath
- Dry mouth
- Weakness
- Confusion
- Coma
āĻŦāĻŽāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŽāĻŋ āĻāĻžāĻŦ
âĸ āĻŦāĻŽāĻŋ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
âĸ āĻĒā§āĻā§ (āĻĒā§āĻā§) āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĨāĻž
âĸ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻŽāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ, āĻĢāĻ˛ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ§
âĸ āĻļā§āĻŦāĻžāĻ¸āĻāĻˇā§āĻ
âĸ āĻļā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻŽā§āĻ
âĸ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž
âĸ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
âĸ āĻā§āĻŽāĻž
You can check your urine for excess ketones with a ketones test kit that you can get without a prescription. If you have excess ketones in your urine, talk with your provider right away or seek emergency care. This condition is more common in people with type 1 diabetes.
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ¸āĻā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻĒāĻļāĻ¨ āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ āĻĒā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ ketones āĻā§āĻ¸ā§āĻ āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŦ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¸ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ°āĻŋāĻā§āĻ¤ āĻāĻŋāĻā§āĻ¨ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§, āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻāĻĨāĻž āĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻžāĻāĻĒ 1 āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻāĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
Hyperglycemic hyperosmolar nonketotic syndrome
Hyperosmolar syndrome is caused by very high blood sugar that turns blood thick and syrupy.
āĻšāĻžāĻāĻĒāĻžāĻ°āĻ¸āĻŽā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻĄā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻā§āĻ āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻāĻā§ āĻ¯āĻž āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻā§ āĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ°āĻžāĻĒā§ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ˛ā§āĨ¤turns blood thick and syrupy.
Symptoms of this life-threatening condition include:
- A blood sugar reading over 600 mg/dL (33.3 mmol/L)
- Dry mouth
âĸ Extreme thirst
âĸ Fever
âĸ Drowsiness
âĸ Confusion
âĸ Vision loss
âĸ Hallucinations
This condition is seen in people with type 2 diabetes. It often happens after an illness. Call your provider or seek medical care right away if you have symptoms of this condition.
âĸ 600 mg/dL (33.3 mmol/L) āĻāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ
âĸ āĻļā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻŽā§āĻ
âĸ āĻāĻ°āĻŽ āĻ¤ā§āĻˇā§āĻŖāĻž
âĸ āĻā§āĻŦāĻ°
âĸ āĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻž
âĸ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
âĸ āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋāĻļāĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ āĻšā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¸
âĸ āĻšā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛ā§āĻ¸āĻŋāĻ¨ā§āĻļāĻ¨
āĻāĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āĻāĻžāĻāĻĒ 2 āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ā§ āĻāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻĻā§āĻāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻļāĻ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻ¤āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ āĻ āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĒāĻ¸āĻ°ā§āĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻāĻ˛ā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻā§ āĻāĻ˛ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ˛āĻŽā§āĻŦā§ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻŋā§āĻ¸āĻž āĻ¯āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¨āĨ¤
Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia)
If your blood sugar level drops below your target range, it’s known as low blood sugar (diabetic hypoglycemia). If you’re taking drugs that lower your blood sugar, including insulin, your blood sugar level can drop for many reasons. These include skipping a meal and getting more physical activity than normal. Low blood sugar also occurs if you take too much insulin or too much of a glucoselowering medication that causes the pancreas to hold insulin.
āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻž (āĻšāĻžāĻāĻĒā§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž)
āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ¯ āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ° āĻ¨ā§āĻā§ āĻ¨ā§āĻŽā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻž (āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻšāĻžāĻāĻĒā§āĻā§āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž) āĻšāĻŋāĻ¸āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ¤āĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¸ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ¸āĻš āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻŽ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻāĻŽāĻ¨ āĻāĻˇā§āĻ§ āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻŦā§ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ āĻ¨ā§āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ°āĻŖā§ āĻāĻŽā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĨ¤ āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ§ā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ°āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻā§ āĻāĻžāĻŦāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ° āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŧā§ āĻŦā§āĻļāĻŋ āĻļāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻ āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻļā§āĻ°āĻŽ āĻāĻ°āĻžāĨ¤ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¸ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻā§āĻ°āĻšāĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻļāĻ¯āĻŧāĻā§ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¸ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¨ āĻ§āĻ°ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻ āĻ¤ā§āĻ¯āĻ§āĻŋāĻ āĻā§āĻ˛ā§āĻā§āĻ āĻāĻŽāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻˇā§āĻ§ āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻžāĻšāĻ˛ā§āĻ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ°āĻŋāĻŽāĻžāĻŖ āĻāĻŽ āĻšāĻ¯āĻŧāĨ¤
Check your blood sugar level regularly and watch for symptoms of low blood sugar, including:
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāĻ¤ āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻā§āĻˇāĻž āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ¨āĻŋāĻŽā§āĻ¨ āĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻļāĻ°ā§āĻāĻ°āĻžāĻ° āĻ˛āĻā§āĻˇāĻŖāĻā§āĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻ¨, āĻ¸āĻš:
- Sweating
- Shakiness
- Weakness
- Hunger
- Dizziness
- Headache
- Blurred vision
- Heart palpitations
- Irritability
- Slurred speech
- Drowsiness
- Confusion
- Fainting
- Seizures
âĸ āĻāĻžāĻŽ
âĸ āĻ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāĻ°āĻ¤āĻž
âĸ āĻĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŦāĻ˛āĻ¤āĻž
âĸ āĻā§āĻˇā§āĻ§āĻž
âĸ āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻž āĻā§āĻ°āĻž
âĸ āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻžāĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻĨāĻž
âĸ āĻāĻžāĻĒāĻ¸āĻž āĻĻā§āĻˇā§āĻāĻŋ
âĸ āĻšā§āĻĻāĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ¨
âĸ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ°āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
âĸ āĻāĻžāĻĒāĻ¸āĻž āĻŦāĻā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ¤āĻž
âĸ āĻ¤āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻž
âĸ āĻŦāĻŋāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤āĻŋ
âĸ āĻ āĻā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ āĻšāĻāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
âĸ āĻāĻŋāĻāĻā§āĻ¨āĻŋ
Low blood sugar is best treated with carbohydrates that your body can absorb quickly, such as fruit juice or glucose tablets.
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Lifestyle and home remedies
Diabetes is a serious disease. Following your diabetes treatment plan takes total commitment. Careful management of diabetes can lower your risk of serious or life-threatening complications.
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- Commit to managing your diabetes. Learn all you can about diabetes. Build a relationship with a diabetes educator. Ask your diabetes treatment team for help when you need it.
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- Choose healthy foods and stay at a healthy weight. If you’re overweight, losing just 7% of your body weight can make a difference in your blood sugar control if you have prediabetes or type 2 diabetes. A healthy diet is one with plenty of fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, whole grains and legumes. And limit how much food with saturated fat you eat.
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- Make physical activity part of your daily routine. Regular physical activity can help prevent prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. It can also help those who already have diabetes to maintain better blood sugar control. A minimum of 30 minutes of moderate physical activity â such as brisk walking â most days of the week is recommended. Aim for at least 150 minutes of moderate aerobic physical activity a week.
Getting regular aerobic exercise along with getting at least two days a week of strength training exercises can help control blood sugar more effectively than does either type of exercise alone. Aerobic exercises can include walking, biking or dancing. Resistance training can include weight training and body weight exercises.
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Also try to spend less time sitting still. Try to get up and move around for a few minutes at least every 30 minutes or so when you’re awake.
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Lifestyle recommendations for type 1 and type 2 diabetes
Also, if you have type 1 or type 2 diabetes:
āĻāĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāĻ, āĻ¯āĻĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻžāĻāĻĒ 1 āĻŦāĻž āĻāĻžāĻāĻĒ 2 āĻĄāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧāĻžāĻŦā§āĻāĻŋāĻ¸ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§:
- Identify yourself. Wear a tag or bracelet that says you have diabetes. Keep a glucagon kit nearby in case of a low blood sugar emergency. Make sure your friends and loved ones know how to use it.
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- Schedule a yearly physical and regular eye exams. Your regular diabetes checkups aren’t meant to replace yearly physicals or routine eye exams. During the physical, your provider will look for any diabetes-related complications and screen for other medical problems. Your eye care specialist will check for signs of eye damage, including retinal damage (retinopathy), cataracts and glaucoma.
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- Keep your vaccinations up to date. High blood sugar can weaken your immune system. Get a flu shot every year. Your
provider may recommend the pneumonia and COVID-19 vaccines, as well.
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The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) also currently recommends hepatitis B vaccination if you haven’t previously had it and you’re an adult ages 19 to 59 with type 1 or type 2 diabetes.
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The most recent CDC guidelines suggest vaccination as soon as possible after diagnosis with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. If you are age 60 or older, have been diagnosed with diabetes, and haven’t previously received the vaccine, talk to your p
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- Pay attention to your feet. Wash your feet daily in lukewarm water. Dry them gently, especially between the toes. Moisturize with lotion, but not between the toes. Check your feet every day for blisters, cuts, sores, redness or swelling. Talk to your provider if you have a sore or other foot problem that doesn’t heal quickly on its own.
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- Control your blood pressure and cholesterol. Eating healthy foods and exercising regularly can help control high blood pressure and cholesterol. Drugs may be needed, too.
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- Take care of your teeth. Diabetes may leave you prone to more-serious gum infections. Brush and floss your teeth at least twice a day. And if you have type 1 or type 2 diabetes, schedule regular dental exams. Talk to your dentist right away if your gums bleed or look red or swollen.
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- If you smoke or use other types of tobacco, ask your provider to help you quit. Smoking increases your risk of many diabetes complications. Smokers who have diabetes are more likely to die of cardiovascular disease than are nonsmokers who have diabetes. Talk to your provider about ways to stop smoking or to stop using other types of tobacco.
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- If you drink alcohol, do so responsibly. Alcohol can cause either high or low blood sugar. This depends on how much you drink and if you eat at the same time. If you choose to drink, do so only in moderation â one drink a day for women and up to two drinks a day for men â and always with food.
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Remember to include the carbohydrates from any alcohol you drink in your daily carbohydrate count. And check your blood sugar levels before going to bed.
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- Take stress seriously. The hormones your body may make in response to long-term stress may prevent insulin from working properly. This will raise your blood sugar and stress you even more. Set limits for yourself and prioritize your tasks. Learn relaxation techniques. And get plenty of sleep.
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Alternative medicine
Many substances have been shown to improve the body’s ability to process insulin in some studies. Other studies fail to find any benefit for blood sugar control or in lowering A1C levels. Because of the conflicting findings, there aren’t any alternative therapies that are currently recommended to help everyone to manage blood sugar.
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If you decide to try any type of alternative therapy, don’t stop taking the drugs that your provider has prescribed. Be sure to discuss the use of any of these therapies with your provider. Make sure that they won’t cause bad reactions or interact with your current therapy.
Also, no treatments â alternative or conventional â can cure diabetes. If you’re using insulin therapy for diabetes, never stop using insulin unless directed to do so by your provider.
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