HRTD Medical Institute
Dental Short and Long Course in Dhaka

Best Short and Long Course of Dental in Dhaka

Table of Contents

Short and Long Course of Dental are given bellows:

Short Course of Dental Profile Details:

Best Short and Long Course of Dental in Dhaka

Short Course of Dental Training Course ( DTC 1 Year): Mobile No. 01941-123488, 01797-522136Dental Training Course is the shortest duration course in Dental Education & Training. This short course contains 10 subjects in 2 semesters.

1st semester contains 5 subjects which are Human Anatomy & Physiology, Chemistry & Pharmacology, First Aid & Treatment, Hematology & Pathology, and Study of OTC Drugs.

The 2nd Semester contains 5 Subjects which are Anatomy of the Head and Neck, Neuro Anatomy & Physiology, Dental Anatomy & Physiology, Dental Pathology & Dental Caries, and Conservative Dentistry & Dental Surgery.

Dental Training Course Fee:

The total Course Fee for 1 Year Dental Training Course is Tk 52,500 including the Admission fee of Tk 10,500, Monthly fee of Tk 3000×12=Tk 36000, and Exam fee of Tk 3000×2=Tk 6000.

Long Course of Dental Profile Details:

Dental Long Course

Long Course of Diploma in Dental ( DID-4 Years): Mobile No. 01941-123488, 01797-522136. A diploma in Dental is a long diploma in Dental Education & Training. This long diploma in the dental course contains 30 subjects in 8 semesters.

The 1st semester contains 5 subjects which are Human Anatomy & Physiology, Chemistry & Pharmacology, First Aid & Treatment, Hematology & Pathology, and Study of OTC Drugs.

The 2nd Semester contains 5 Subjects which are Anatomy of the Head and Neck, Neuro Anatomy & Physiology, Dental Anatomy & Physiology, Dental Pathology & Dental Caries, and Conservative Dentistry & Dental Surgery.

Short and Long Course of Dental total cost:

  • Dental Course 1 Year : 52,500/-
  • Dental Course 2 years : 92,500/-
  • Dental Course 3 years : 1,42,500/-
  • Dental Course 4 years : 1,82,500/-

Which dental course is best?

Dental courses can vary depending on the individual’s needs and preferences. The best dental course for one person may not be the best for another. If you want to complete any Short and Long Course of Dental, Please, contact with us.

When choosing a dental course, it is important to consider the length of the program, the cost, the type of training provided, the reputation of the school, and the availability of financial aid. 

Additionally, it is important to research the career options available after completing the program to ensure that the course meets the individual’s goals. There is no single “best” dental course, but individuals should carefully consider their individual needs and preferences to determine which program is the best fit.

If you want to complete any Short and Long Course of Dental, Please, contact with us.

HRTD Medical Institute Posts

Contact Address: Section 6, Block-B, Road-1, Plot-11, Metrorail-Pillar-249, Abdul Ali Matbar Mansion, Phalpatti Mosque Street, Mirpur-10, Golchatwar, Dhaka-1216, 

Mobile: 01797522136, 01987073965, 01784572173

Location of Dental Training Center in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Location of Dental Training Center. Mobile No. 01987-073965, 01797-522136. HRTD Medical Institute, Abdul Ali Madbor Mansion, Section-6, Block-Kha, Road-1, Plot-11, Mirpur-10 Golchattar, Metro Rail Piller No. 249, Dhaka-1216.

We provide online and offline courses. Online and offline courses include Pharmacy, Dental, Nursing, PDT, Homeopathy, Pathology, Physiotherapy, Veterinary, Paramedical, Caregiver, EMA, Rural Doctor and many more.

The dental course is an important part of healthcare in Bangladesh and is an essential part of the overall health care system. It is an important specialization in the field of medicine, which helps in maintaining the health of teeth, gums, and other parts of the mouth. Dental courses in Bangladesh are offered at both the undergraduate and postgraduate levels.  If you want to complete any Short and Long Course of Dental, Please, contact with us.

The dental course is important because it enables students to gain the necessary skills and knowledge to diagnose, treat and prevent dental diseases. Moreover, the course teaches students the appropriate techniques to use while performing dental procedures. In addition, dental courses also provide an opportunity for students to develop communication and problem-solving skills, which are essential for working in the dental profession. If you want to complete any Short and Long Course of Dental, Please, contact with us.

In conclusion, dental courses in Bangladesh are important for both undergraduate and postgraduate students. The courses provide students with the necessary skills and knowledge to become successful dentists, as well as the opportunity to develop communication and problem-solving skills. If you want to complete any Short and Long Course of Dental, Please, contact with us.

Class Room of Dental Training Course

Teachers for Dental Short & Long Course

Dr. Sanjana Bite Ahmed, BDS, MPH

Dr. Sakulur Rahman, MBBS, CCD (BIRDEM)

Dr. Nurunnahar Keya, BDS,

Dr. Nazmun Nahar Juthi, BDS, PGT

Dr. Kamrunnahar Keya, BDS, PGT

Dr. Suhana, MBBS, PGT

Dr. Layla, MBBS, PGT

Dr. Lamia, MBBS

Dr. Disha, MBBS, FCPS (FP)

Dr. Afrin, MBBS, PGT

Dr. Tisha, MBBS, PGT

Dr. Danial Haque, MBBS, CCD

Dr. Turzo, MBBS, FCPS (FP)

Dr. Benzir, MBBS, FCPS (FP)

Dr. Trisha, MBBS, PGT

Dr. Farhana, MBBS, PGT

Dr. Jannatul Aman, MBBS, PGT

Dr. Mahinul Islam, MBBS

Dr. Amena Afroze Anu, MBBS, PGT

What is Dental Scaling?

Dental scaling is dental cleaning by a caller dental machine. This is routinely performed to help patients with gum disease and excessive plaque buildup. While a standard cleaning will address the surface of the tooth, scaling goes much deeper. If your dentist suggests dental scaling and root planing for your teeth, you should do this otherwise your teeth may be damaged day after day.

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What is Dental Filling?

A dental filling is the fill-up of a small dental hole or cavity. To repair a cavity, a dentist removes the decayed tooth tissue and then fills the space with a filling material. The filling materials are of various types. Some are long-lasting and some are shot-lasting.

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Causes of dental filling

When decay-causing bacteria come into contact with sugars and starches from foods and drinks, they form an acid. This acid can attack the tooth’s surface (enamel), causing it to lose minerals.

When a tooth is repeatedly exposed to acid, such as when you frequently consume food or drink high in sugar and starches, the enamel continues to lose minerals. A white spot may appear where minerals have been lost. This is a sign of early decay.

Tooth decay can be stopped or reversed at this point. Enamel can repair itself by using minerals from saliva and fluoride from toothpaste or through the application of fluoride by a dentist or dental hygienist. If more minerals are lost than can be restored, the enamel weakens and eventually breaks down, forming a cavity.

More severe decay can cause a large hole or even destruction of the entire tooth. If tooth decay is not treated, it can cause pain, infection, and even tooth loss. So dental filling treatment is very essential for a cavity patient.

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What are the 5 dental problems?

Dentistry is one of the oldest fields of medicine, and it is vitally important to our overall health and well-being. That said, it is also one of the most commonly neglected aspects of health care, with many people failing to receive regular dental checkups and cleanings. 

Unfortunately, this opens the door to a wide range of dental problems, all of which can have serious consequences if left untreated. Here are five of the most common dental problems: 

1. Tooth Decay: Tooth decay is one of the most common dental problems and is caused by a buildup of plaque and bacteria on the teeth. Over time, this buildup can lead to cavities and tooth decay, which can cause serious pain and discomfort.

ā§§. āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ āĻ•ā§āώāϝāĻŧ: āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώāϝāĻŧ āĻšāϞ āϏāĻŦāĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āϏāĻžāϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϝāĻžāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ āĻŽāĻ§ā§āϝ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ⧇ āĻĒā§āϞāĻžāĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āĻŸā§‡āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āϜāĻŽāĻž āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇, āĻāχ āϜāĻŽāĻž āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻ—āĻ°ā§āϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώāϝāĻŧ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇, āϝāĻž āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āϤāϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻĨāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¸ā§āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŋāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

2. Gum Disease: Gum disease is caused by bacteria and plaque that accumulates at the gum line. If left untreated, it can lead to gum recession, tooth loss, and even bone loss.

⧍. āĻŽāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϰ āϰ⧋āĻ—: āĻŽāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϰ āϰ⧋āĻ— āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āĻŸā§‡āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒā§āϞāĻžāϕ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϝāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϰ āϰ⧇āĻ–āĻžāϝāĻŧ āϜāĻŽāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āϝāĻĻāĻŋ āϚāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāϏāĻž āύāĻž āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ, āϤāĻžāĻšāϞ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻŋāϰ āĻĒāϤāύ, āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώāϝāĻŧ, āĻāĻŽāύāĻ•āĻŋ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώāϝāĻŧāĻ“ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

3. Tooth Sensitivity: Tooth sensitivity is caused by a thinning of the enamel, which is the outer layer of the tooth. This can lead to pain when consuming hot or cold foods and drinks.

ā§Š. āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύāĻļā§€āϞāϤāĻž: āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ⧇āϰ āĻŦāĻžāχāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ¸ā§āϤāϰ, āĻāύāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϞ āĻĒāĻžāϤāϞāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āϝāĻžāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύāĻļā§€āϞāϤāĻž āĻĻ⧇āĻ–āĻž āĻĻ⧇āϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻ—āϰāĻŽ āĻŦāĻž āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻž āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĒāĻžāύ⧀āϝāĻŧ āĻ—ā§āϰāĻšāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻĨāĻž āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

4. Tooth Abrasion: Tooth abrasion is caused by improper brushing techniques and can lead to the erosion of the enamel. Over time, this can cause the teeth to become more sensitive and can even lead to tooth loss.

ā§Ē. āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ āϘāĻ°ā§āώāĻŖ: āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ āϘāĻ°ā§āώāĻŖ āϭ⧁āϞ āĻŦā§āϰāĻžāĻļ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻ•ā§ŒāĻļāϞ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻāύāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϞ āĻ•ā§āώāϝāĻŧ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇, āĻāϰ āĻĢāϞ⧇ āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ āφāϰāĻ“ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύāĻļā§€āϞ āĻšāϝāĻŧ⧇ āωāĻ āϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻŽāύāĻ•āĻŋ āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻ“ āĻšāϤ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāϰ⧇āĨ¤

5. Malocclusion: Malocclusion is the misalignment of the teeth, either due to genetics or other factors. This can lead to difficulty speaking and eating, as well as a higher risk of tooth decay and gum disease.

These five dental problems are just some of the many that can occur if proper oral hygiene is not maintained. Regular visits to the dentist for checkups and cleanings can help to prevent and address these issues and is essential for maintaining a healthy smile.

Dental Anatomy for Best short & Long Course of Dental Dhaka

Dental Anatomy is the branch of anatomy that focuses on the structure and development of the teeth, as well as their relationship to the surrounding tissues and the mouth as a whole. It is a fundamental subject in dentistry and dental technology, as it helps professionals understand how teeth function, how to diagnose dental conditions, and how to design restorations like dentures, crowns, and bridges.

āĻĄā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϞ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāύāĻžāϟāĻŽāĻŋ āĻšāϞ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāύāĻžāϟāĻŽāĻŋāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻļāĻžāĻ–āĻž āϝāĻž āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ•āĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϏ⧇āχāϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻ°ā§āϤ⧀ āϟāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϝ⧁ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϏāĻžāĻŽāĻ—ā§āϰāĻŋāĻ•āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻŽā§āϖ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϤāĻžāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āϕ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋ āύāĻŋāĻŦāĻĻā§āϧ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻĻāĻ¨ā§āϤāϚāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāϏāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĻāĻ¨ā§āϤ āĻĒā§āϰāϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāϤ⧇ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŽā§ŒāϞāĻŋāĻ• āĻŦāĻŋāώāϝāĻŧ, āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻĒ⧇āĻļāĻžāĻĻāĻžāϰāĻĻ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇, āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻŖāϝāĻŧ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĄā§‡āύāϚāĻžāϰ, āĻ•ā§āϰāĻžāωāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāĻœā§‡āϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻĒ⧁āύāϰ⧁āĻĻā§āϧāĻžāϰ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĄāĻŋāϜāĻžāχāύ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāϤ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇

There are four main types of human teeth, and each type has a specific shape and function:

1. Incisors

Number: 8 (4 in upper jaw, 4 in lower jaw)

Location: Front of the mouth

Function: Cutting and slicing food

Shape: Sharp, thin edges

2. Canines

Number: 4 (2 in upper jaw, 2 in lower jaw)

Location: Beside the incisors

Function: Tearing and holding food

Shape: Pointed and sharp

3. Premolars

Number: 8 (4 in upper jaw, 4 in lower jaw)

Location: Between canines and molars

Function: Crushing and grinding food

Shape: Flat surface with ridges

4. Molars

Number: 12 (including 4 third molars or wisdom teeth)

Location: At the back of the mouth

Function: Grinding and chewing food

Shape: Broad, flat surface

āĻĻāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧇āϰ ā§ĒāϟāĻŋ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•āĻžāϰāϭ⧇āĻĻ (Types of Teeth in Bangla):

āĻĻāĻ¨ā§āϤ⧇āϰ āϧāϰāύāϏāĻ‚āĻ–ā§āϝāĻžāĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύāĻ•āĻžāϜāφāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ
Incisors (āχāύāϏāĻžāχāϜāĻžāϰ)ā§ŽāϟāĻŋāϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇ (āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ ā§ĒāϟāĻž, āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡ ā§ĒāϟāĻž)āĻ•āĻžāϟāĻž āĻ“ āϛ⧇āρāĻĄāĻŧāĻž (Cutting)āĻĒāĻžāϤāϞāĻž āĻ“ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϞ⧋ āĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϤ
Canines (āϕ⧇āύāĻžāχāύ)ā§ĒāϟāĻŋāχāύāϏāĻžāχāϜāĻžāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇āϛ⧇āρāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ“ āϧāϰāĻž (Tearing)āĻāĻ•āĻĻāĻŽ āϧāĻžāϰāĻžāϞ⧋ āĻ“ āĻ ā§‹āĻ•āϰāĻžāύ⧋ āφāĻ•ā§ƒāϤāĻŋ
Premolars (āĻĒā§āϰ⧀āĻŽā§‹āϞāĻžāϰ)ā§ŽāϟāĻŋāϕ⧇āύāĻžāχāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇āĻšā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ“ āĻĻāϞāĻž āĻĒāĻžāĻ•āĻžāύ⧋ (Crushing & Grinding)āĻšā§āϝāĻžāĻĒā§āϟāĻž, ⧍āϟāĻŋ āĻ–āĻžāρāϜ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇
Molars (āĻŽā§‹āϞāĻžāϰ)⧧⧍āϟāĻŋāĻāĻ•āĻĻāĻŽ āĻĒ⧇āĻ›āύ⧇āĻĒ⧇āώāĻž āĻ“ āϚāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāύ⧋ (Chewing)āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ, āϚāĻ“āĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āĻ–āĻžāρāϜāĻŦāĻŋāĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āϟ

Dental Physiology for Best short & Long Course of Dental Dhaka

Dental Physiology is the study of how the teeth and oral structures function in the human body. It focuses on the biological and functional roles of teeth, supporting tissues, and how they interact with the entire oral system during actions like chewing, speaking, and swallowing.

āĻĄā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϞ āĻĢāĻŋāϜāĻŋāĻ“āϞāϜāĻŋ āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻŽāĻžāύāĻŦāĻĻ⧇āĻšā§‡ āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽā§āϖ⧇āϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāϝāĻŧāύāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ⧇āϰ āϜ⧈āĻŦāĻŋāĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰ⧀ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž, āϏāĻšāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ• āϟāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϝ⧁ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āϚāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāύ⧋, āĻ•āĻĨāĻž āĻŦāϞāĻž āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ—āĻŋāϞ⧇ āĻĢ⧇āϞāĻžāϰ āĻŽāϤ⧋ āĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϗ⧁āϞāĻŋāϰ āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧ āϤāĻžāϰāĻž āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϏāĻŽāĻ—ā§āϰ āĻŽā§ŒāĻ–āĻŋāĻ• āϏāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻŽā§‡āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϝ⧋āĻ—āĻžāϝ⧋āĻ— āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤāĻžāϰ āωāĻĒāϰ āφāϞ⧋āĻ•āĻĒāĻžāϤ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤/

Dental Head and Neck Anatomy for Best short & Long Course of Dental Dhaka

Dental Head & Neck Anatomy is the study of the bones, muscles, blood vessels, nerves, glands, and other structures of the head and neck that are essential for dental functions. This knowledge is crucial for dentists, dental surgeons, and dental technologists to perform safe and effective treatments.

āĻĄā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϞ āĻšā§‡āĻĄ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄ āύ⧇āĻ• āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāύāĻžāϟāĻŽāĻŋ āĻšāϞ āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻž āĻ“ āϘāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ, āĻĒ⧇āĻļā§€, āϰāĻ•ā§āϤāύāĻžāϞ⧀, āĻ¸ā§āύāĻžāϝāĻŧ⧁, āĻ—ā§āϰāĻ¨ā§āĻĨāĻŋ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ…āĻ¨ā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹āϰ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāϝāĻŧāύ āϝāĻž āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŋāϤāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āĻĒāϰāĻŋāĻšāĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĨ¤ āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻĻ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•āϰ āϚāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāϏāĻž āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻžāĻĻāύ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻĻāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϚāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāϏāĻ•, āĻĄā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϞ āϏāĻžāĻ°ā§āϜāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻĄā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϞ āĻŸā§‡āĻ•āύ⧋āϞāϜāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āϟāĻĻ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻāχ āĻœā§āĻžāĻžāύ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤

Maxilla (Upper Jaw Bone)

Maxilla āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻŽā§āϖ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇āϰ āĻĒā§āϰāϧāĻžāύ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ āϝāĻž āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāϰāĻŋāϕ⧇ āϧāĻžāϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽā§āϖ⧇āϰ āĻ…āύ⧇āĻ• āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹āϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϏāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻ•āĻŋāϤāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ–, āύāĻžāĻ• āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻšā§‹āϖ⧇āϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ⧇ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ (Location):

  • āĻŽā§āϖ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇, āύāĻžāϕ⧇āϰ āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ
  • āωāĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ (upper teeth) āĻāχ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ⧇ āĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāĻĒāύ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇
  • āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻĄāĻžāύ āĻ“ āĻŦāĻžāĻŽ āĻĻ⧁āχāϟāĻŋ āĻ­āĻžāϗ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻ­āĻ•ā§āϤ āϝāĻž āĻŽāĻžāĻāĻ–āĻžāύ⧇ āĻœā§‹āĻĄāĻŧāĻž āϞ⧇āϗ⧇ āĻĨāĻžāϕ⧇

Mandible (āĻŽā§āϝāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻŋāĻŦāϞ) – āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡āϰ āĻšā§‹āϝāĻŧāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ

Mandible āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻŽā§āĻ–āĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāϞ⧇āϰ āϏāĻŦāĻšā§‡āϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻ“ āĻļāĻ•ā§āϤāĻŋāĻļāĻžāϞ⧀ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ, āϝāĻž āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡āϰ āĻšā§‹āϝāĻŧāĻžāϞ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡āϰ āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ āĻŦāĻšāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻāĻ•āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āϰ āĻŽā§āϖ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ āϝāĻž āϚāϞāĻŽāĻžāύ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻšā§‹āϝāĻŧāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻ“āĻ āĻžāύāĻžāĻŽāĻž āĻŦāĻž āϚāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ…āĻ¤ā§āϝāĻ¨ā§āϤ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤

Nasal Bone (āύāĻžāϏāĻžāϞ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ) – āύāĻžāϕ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ

Nasal bone āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻĻ⧁āχāϟāĻŋ āϛ⧋āϟ āĻ“ āĻĒāĻžāϤāϞāĻž āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ āϝāĻž āĻāĻ•āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāϕ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§āϰāĻŋāϜ (bridge of the nose) āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāχ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ āĻĻ⧁āϟāĻŋ āĻŽā§āĻ–āĻŽāĻŖā§āĻĄāϞ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāϕ⧇, āύāĻžāϕ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤāĨ¤

Frontal Bone (āĻĢā§āϰāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϞ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ) – āĻ•āĻĒāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ

Frontal bone āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻĒāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻĄāĻŧ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻāĻ•āĻ• āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ (forehead), āĻšā§‹āϖ⧇āϰ āĻ–ā§‹āĻĒ (eye sockets) āĻāϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āύāĻžāϕ⧇āϰ āωāĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ• āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻžāϰ āϖ⧁āϞāĻŋ āĻŦāĻž cranial vault-āĻāϰ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļāĨ¤

āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ (Location):

  • āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻžāϰ āϏāĻžāĻŽāύ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇
  • āĻ•āĻĒāĻžāϞ, āĻšā§‹āϖ⧇āϰ āĻ“āĻĒāϰ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇ āύāĻžāϕ⧇āϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇

Temporal Bone (āĻŸā§‡āĻŽā§āĻĒā§‹āϰāĻžāϞ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ) – āĻ•āĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇ āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧ

Temporal bone āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻŽāĻžāύ⧁āώ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇ (āĻ•āĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϚāĻžāϰāĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇) āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻŋāϤ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻœā§‹āĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻšāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŽāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻŋāĻˇā§āϕ⧇āϰ āύāĻŋāĻšā§‡āϰ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇, āĻ•āĻžāύ⧇āϰ āĻ•āĻžāĻ āĻžāĻŽā§‹, āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻšā§‹āϝāĻŧāĻžāϞ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ¨ā§āϧāĻŋ (TMJ) āĻ—āĻ āύ⧇ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ āĻ­ā§‚āĻŽāĻŋāĻ•āĻž āĻĒāĻžāϞāύ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

āĻ…āĻŦāĻ¸ā§āĻĨāĻžāύ (Location):

  • āĻŽāĻžāĻĨāĻžāϰ āĻĻ⧁āχ āĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇, āĻ•āĻžāύ⧇āϰ āϚāĻžāϰāĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇
  • Parietal bone āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ Occipital bone āĻāϰ āϏāĻžāĻĨ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧁āĻ•ā§āϤ

Dental Filling (āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ⧇āϰ āĻĢāĻŋāϞāĻŋāĻ‚) – āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻ—ā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ āĻĒā§‚āϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻžāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻ•ā§āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž

Dental filling āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻāĻ•āϟāĻŋ āĻĄā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϞ āϚāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāϏāĻž āĻĒāĻĻā§āϧāϤāĻŋ, āϝāĻžāϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ§ā§āϝāĻŽā§‡ āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώāϤāĻŋāĻ—ā§āϰāĻ¸ā§āϤ āĻŦāĻž āĻ•ā§āώāϝāĻŧāĻĒā§āϰāĻžāĻĒā§āϤ āĻ…āĻ‚āĻļ⧇ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώ āϧāϰāϪ⧇āϰ āĻĒāĻĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻĨ āĻŦā§āϝāĻŦāĻšāĻžāϰ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϏ⧇āχ āĻĢāĻžāρāĻ•āĻž āϜāĻžāϝāĻŧāĻ—āĻž āĻĒā§‚āϰāĻŖ āĻ•āϰāĻž āĻšāϝāĻŧāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āϰāĻ•ā§āώāϪ⧇ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŦā§āϝāĻĨāĻž āĻĒā§āϰāϤāĻŋāϰ⧋āϧ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇āĨ¤

āϕ⧇āύ āĻĢāĻŋāϞāĻŋāĻ‚ āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāϝāĻŧ?

āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖāĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž
āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ⧇āϰ āĻ•ā§āώāϝāĻŧ (Cavity)āĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ•āĻŸā§‡āϰāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻž āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ⧇āϰ āĻāύāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϞ āύāĻˇā§āϟ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āĻĢāĻžāρāĻ•āĻž āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋ āĻ•āϰ⧇
āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ⧇ āĻĢāĻžāϟāϞāĻĻ⧁āĻ°ā§āϘāϟāύāĻž āĻŦāĻž āϚāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāύ⧋āϰ āĻ•āĻžāϰāϪ⧇
āĻĒ⧁āϰāύ⧋ āĻĢāĻŋāϞāĻŋāĻ‚ āύāĻˇā§āϟ āĻšāĻ“āϝāĻŧāĻžāφāϗ⧇āϰ āĻĢāĻŋāϞāĻŋāĻ‚ āϖ⧁āϞ⧇ āϗ⧇āϞ⧇ āĻŦāĻž āϞāĻŋāĻ• āĻ•āϰāϞ⧇
āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ⧇āϰ āϏ⧌āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻ°ā§āϝ āĻ“ āĻ—āĻ āύ āϰāĻ•ā§āώāĻžāĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāύ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāĻ°ā§āϝāĻ•ā§āώāĻŽ āĻ•āϰ⧇ āϤ⧋āϞ⧇

āĻĢāĻŋāϞāĻŋāĻ‚ āĻāϰ āϧāϰāĻŖ (Types of Dental Fillings):

āĻĢāĻŋāϞāĻŋāĻ‚āĻŦ⧈āĻļāĻŋāĻˇā§āĻŸā§āϝāϏ⧁āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻžāĻ…āϏ⧁āĻŦāĻŋāϧāĻž
Amalgam (āϏāĻŋāϞāĻ­āĻžāϰ)āϧāĻžāϤāĻŦ āĻŽāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŖāĻŸā§‡āĻ•āϏāχ, āϏāĻ¸ā§āϤāĻžāϰāĻ™ āĻ—āĻžāĻĸāĻŧ, āĻĻ⧃āĻļā§āϝāĻŽāĻžāύ
Composite ResināĻĻāĻžāρāϤ⧇āϰ āϰāϙ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻŋāĻļā§āϰāĻŖāĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāύ, āϰāĻ™ āĻŽā§‡āϞ⧇āϏāĻŽāϝāĻŧāϏāĻžāĻĒ⧇āĻ•ā§āώ, āĻŸā§‡āĻ•āϏāχ āĻ•āĻŽ
Glass Ionomer (GIC)Fluoride release āĻ•āϰ⧇āĻļāĻŋāĻļ⧁āĻĻ⧇āϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āĻ­āĻžāϞ⧋āĻŸā§‡āĻ•āϏāχ āĻ•āĻŽ
Gold FillingāĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧁āĻĻā§āϧ āϏ⧋āύāĻžāϰ āϤ⧈āϰāĻŋāϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻŸā§‡āĻ•āϏāχāϖ⧁āĻŦ āĻŦā§āϝāϝāĻŧāĻŦāĻšā§āϞ
Ceramic / PorcelaināĻĻāĻžāρāϤ⧇āϰ āϰāϙ⧇ āĻŽā§‡āϞ⧇āĻŸā§‡āĻ•āϏāχ āĻ“ āĻĻ⧃āĻˇā§āϟāĻŋāύāĻ¨ā§āĻĻāύāĻŦā§āϝāϝāĻŧ āĻŦ⧇āĻļāĻŋ

āĻĢāĻŋāϞāĻŋāĻ‚-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ āϕ⧀āĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āϝāĻ¤ā§āύ āύ⧇āĻŦ⧇āύ:

  • āĻĢāĻŋāϞāĻŋāĻ‚-āĻāϰ āĻĒāϰ āĻĒā§āϰāĻĨāĻŽ ā§§-⧍ āϘāĻ¨ā§āϟāĻž āĻ•āĻŋāϛ⧁ āϚāĻŋāĻŦāĻžāĻŦ⧇āύ āύāĻž
  • āĻ—āϰāĻŽ-āĻ āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻĄāĻž āĻ–āĻžāĻŦāĻžāϰ⧇ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύāĻļā§€āϞāϤāĻž āĻĨāĻžāĻ•āϞ⧇ āĻĄāĻžāĻ•ā§āϤāĻžāϰāϕ⧇ āϜāĻžāύāĻžāĻŦ⧇āύ
  • āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻŽāĻŋāϤ āĻŦā§āϰāĻžāĻļ āĻ“ āĻĢā§āϞāϏ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ
  • ā§Ŧ āĻŽāĻžāϏ āĻĒāϰāĻĒāϰ āĻĄā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϞ āĻšā§‡āĻ•āφāĻĒ āĻ•āϰ⧁āύ

Dental Neuroanatomy (āĻĄā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϞ āύāĻŋāωāϰ⧋ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāύāĻžāϟāĻŽāĻŋ)

Dental Neuroanatomy āĻšāϞ⧋ āĻŽā§āĻ–, āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ, āĻšā§‹āϝāĻŧāĻžāϞ āĻ“ āφāĻļ⧇āĻĒāĻžāĻļ⧇āϰ āĻ…āĻžā§āϚāϞ⧇āϰ āύāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ­ āϏāĻŋāĻ¸ā§āĻŸā§‡āĻŽā§‡āϰ āĻ—āĻ āύ āĻ“ āĻ•āĻžāϜ āύāĻŋāϝāĻŧ⧇ āĻ…āĻ§ā§āϝāϝāĻŧāύāĨ¤ āĻāϟāĻŋ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļ⧇āώāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āĻŦ⧇āĻĻāύ, āĻŦā§āϝāĻĨāĻž, āĻ¸ā§āĻĒāĻ°ā§āĻļ āĻāĻŦāĻ‚ āĻŽā§‹āϟāϰ āĻ•āĻ¨ā§āĻŸā§āϰ⧋āϞ āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϰ āϜāĻ¨ā§āϝ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖāĨ¤

āϕ⧇āύ āĻĄā§‡āĻ¨ā§āϟāĻžāϞ āύāĻŋāωāϰ⧋ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāύāĻžāϟāĻŽāĻŋ āϗ⧁āϰ⧁āĻ¤ā§āĻŦāĻĒā§‚āĻ°ā§āĻŖ?

āĻ•āĻžāϰāĻŖāĻŦā§āϝāĻžāĻ–ā§āϝāĻž
āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻĨāĻž āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻžāϕ⧋āύ āύāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ­ āĻĨ⧇āϕ⧇ āĻŦā§āϝāĻĨāĻž āĻšāĻšā§āϛ⧇ āϤāĻž āύāĻŋāĻ°ā§āϧāĻžāϰāϪ⧇ āϏāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¯ā§āϝ āĻ•āϰ⧇
āϞ⧋āĻ•āĻžāϞ āĻ…ā§āϝāĻžāύ⧇āĻ¸ā§āĻĨ⧇āĻļāĻŋāϝāĻŧāĻžāϕ⧋āύ āύāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ­ āĻŦā§āϞāĻ• āĻ•āϰāϤ⧇ āĻšāĻŦ⧇ āϤāĻž āĻŦ⧁āĻāϤ⧇
āĻĻāĻžāρāϤ⧇āϰ āϚāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāϏāĻž āύāĻŋāϰāĻžāĻĒāĻĻāĻ­āĻžāĻŦ⧇ āĻ•āϰāĻžāύāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ­ āĻĄā§āϝāĻžāĻŽā§‡āϜ āĻāĻĄāĻŧāĻžāϤ⧇
TMJ āĻ“ āĻŽā§āϖ⧇āϰ āĻŦā§āϝāĻĨāĻžāϰ āϚāĻŋāĻ•āĻŋā§ŽāϏāĻžāĻŽā§āϖ⧇āϰ āĻŽāĻžāĻ‚āϏāĻĒ⧇āĻļāĻŋ āĻ“ āύāĻžāĻ°ā§āϭ⧇āϰ āϏāĻ‚āϝ⧋āĻ— āĻŦā§‹āĻāĻž













































































HRTD Medical Institute

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