HRTD Medical Institute
The best DMA Courses are given below:
Best DMA Courses are DMA 1 Year, DMA 2 Years, DMA 3 Years, and DMA 4 Years. Course Fee Tk 52500 for DMA 1 Year, Tk 92500 for DMA 2 Years, 142500 for DMA 3 Years, and 182500 for DMA 4 Years. Total Subjects 10 for DMA 1 Year, 18 for DMA 2 Years, 24 for DMA 3 Years, and 30 for DMA 4 Years. All DMA Courses are available at HRTD Medical Institute, Mirpur-10 Golchattar, Dhaka.
DMA 1-Year Course Profile:
DMA Course 1 Year: Diploma Medical Assistant ( DMA 1 Year). This course contains 10 subjects. The subjects are Human Anatomy & Physiology, Pharmacology-1, Practice of Medicine, Hematology, Pathology, Microbiology, etc. The total course fee for this one-year course is Tk 52500 only. Payment system: Admission fee Tk 10500, Monthly fee Tk 3000, and exam fee. This course is divided into two semesters. The first semester contains 5 subjects and the second semester contains 5 subjects.
DMA 2 Years Course Profile:
DMA Course 2 Years: Diploma Medical Assistant ( DMA 2 Years). This course contains 18 subjects. The subjects are Human Anatomy & Physiology, Pharmacology-1, Practice of Medicine, Hematology, Pathology, Microbiology, etc. The total course fee for this one-year course is Tk 92500 only.
Payment system: Admission fee Tk 16500, Monthly fee Tk 3000, and exam fee. This course is divided into 4 semesters. The first semester contains 5 subjects and the second semester contains 5 subjects. The third semester contains 4 subjects and 4th semester contains 4 subjects.
DMA 3 Years Course Profile:
DMA Course 3 Years: Diploma Medical Assistant ( DMA 3 Years). This course contains 24 subjects. The subjects are Human Anatomy & Physiology, Pharmacology-1, Practice of Medicine, Hematology, Pathology, Microbiology, etc. The total course fee for this one-year course is Tk 142500 only. Payment system: Admission fee Tk 20500, Monthly fee Tk 3000, and exam fee. This course is divided into 6 semesters.
The first semester contains 5 subjects and the second semester contains 5 subjects. The third semester contains 4 subjects and 4th semester contains 4 subjects. The 5th semester contains 3 subjects and the 6th semester contains 3 subjects.
DMA 4 Years Course Profile:
DMA Course 4 Years: Diploma Medical Assistant ( DMA 4 Years). This course contains 30 subjects. The subjects are Human Anatomy & Physiology, Pharmacology-1, Practice of Medicine, Hematology, Pathology, Microbiology, etc. The total course fee for this one-year course is Tk 182500 only. Payment system: Admission fee Tk 30500, Monthly fee Tk 3000, and exam fee. Best DMA Courses are divided into 8 semesters. The first semester contains 5 subjects and the second semester contains 5 subjects. The third semester contains 4 subjects and 4th semester contains 4 subjects. The 5th semester contains 3 subjects and the 6th semester contains 3 subjects. The 7th semester contains 3 subjects and the 8th semester contains 3 subjects. Best DMA Courses
Location for DMA Courses
Location for DMA Course: Mobile Phone Number 01797522136, 01987073965. HRTD Medical Institute, Abdul Ali Madbor Mansion, Section-6, Block-Kha, Road-1, Plot-11, Metro Rail Piller Number 249, Mirpur-10 Golchattar, Dhaka-1216. This Institute is situated just by the West Side of Agrani Bank and the South Side of Islami Bank and Janata Bank Limited.
Higher Training Course opportunity after completing the DMA Course
Higher Training Courses are PDT Courses. Mobile Phone 01797522136, 01987073965.PDT stands for Post Diploma Training. PDT Course in Medicine, PDT Course in Cardiology, PDT Course in Diabetology, PDT Course in Dermatology, PDT Course in Pediatrics, PDT Course in Gastrology, PDT Course in Geriatric Disease, PDT Course in International OTC Drugs, PDT Course in MCH, PDT Course in Gynecology, PDT Course in Orthopedics, PDT Course in Ear, Nose and Throat, PDT Course in Skin and VD, PDT Course in Ophthalmology.
Human Anatomy and Physiology
Human anatomy and physiology study the structure and function of the human body, respectively. The human body is organized into several systems, including the respiratory system, which is responsible for gas exchange to provide oxygen to tissues and remove carbon dioxide. Key organs of the respiratory system are the lungs, nose, trachea, larynx, pharynx, and diaphragm. The primary function of the respiratory system is to breathe in oxygen and exhale carbon dioxide, but it also supports functions like speech, smell, and protection from harmful particles.
Human Anatomy and Physiology
- Anatomy:The study of the physical structures of the body and their relationships to each other.
- Physiology:The study of the functions of these structures and how they work together to maintain life.
Systems of the Human Body
The human body is organized into several major organ systems that work cooperatively to maintain homeostasis. These systems include:
- Digestive System: Breaks down food and absorbs nutrients.
- Circulatory System: Transports blood, oxygen, and nutrients throughout the body.
- Nervous System: Controls and coordinates bodily functions.
- Musculoskeletal System: Provides support, movement, and protection.
- Urinary System: Filters waste and produces urine.
- Reproductive System: Responsible for reproduction.
- Endocrine System: Produces hormones that regulate various bodily functions.
- Lymphatic System: Helps with immune defense and fluid balance.
- Integumentary System: The outer covering of the body, including skin, hair, and nails.
- Respiratory System: Facilitates gas exchange.
Organs of the Respiratory System
The respiratory system consists of the following structures:
- Upper Respiratory Tract: Nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx (throat), and larynx (voice box).
- Lower Respiratory Tract: Trachea (windpipe), bronchi, bronchioles, and lungs.
- Lungs: The main organs where gas exchange occurs in the alveoli.
- Diaphragm: A muscle essential for the mechanical process of breathing.
Functions of the Respiratory System
The primary functions of the respiratory system are:
- Gas Exchange:Inhaling oxygen and transferring it to the blood, and exhaling carbon dioxide from the blood.
- Air Conditioning:Warming and moisturizing inhaled air as it passes through the nasal passages.
- Protection:Filtering out harmful particles and germs using structures like nasal hairs and mucus.
- Speech and Smell:Air passes over the vocal cords in the larynx, enabling speech. The nasal cavity allows for the sense of smell.
- pH Balance:Helping to regulate the body’s acid-base balance by controlling carbon dioxide levels.
Definition of Digestive System
The digestive system is a complex series of organs and processes that transform food into substances that the body can absorb and use for energy, and then eliminate the waste products. It’s also known as the gastrointestinal (GI) system or alimentary canal.
Organs of the Digestive System
The system is divided into two main parts: the digestive tract and the accessory organs:
- Digestive Tract (Alimentary Canal):A long, continuous tube that processes food.
- Mouth: Where food enters and mechanical breakdown by teeth and chemical breakdown by saliva begins.
- Pharynx (Throat): Connects the mouth to the esophagus.
- Esophagus: A muscular tube that transports food to the stomach through a process called peristalsis.
- Stomach: A muscular organ that continues to break down food mechanically and chemically.
- Small Intestine: Where most chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients take place.
- Large Intestine: Absorbs water and electrolytes from the remaining indigestible food matter and forms feces.
- Rectum: The final section of the large intestine, terminating at the anus.
- Anus: The opening through which waste is expelled from the body.
- Accessory Organs:Aid in digestion but are not part of the continuous digestive tube.
- Salivary Glands: Produce saliva, which contains enzymes to begin digestion.
- Liver: Produces bile, which helps in the digestion of fats.
- Gallbladder: Stores bile and releases it into the small intestine.
- Pancreas: Produces digestive enzymes and hormones that help break down food.
Functions of the Digestive System
The main functions of the digestive system are:
- Ingestion: The process of taking food into the body.
- Digestion: Breaking down food into smaller, absorbable molecules through mechanical (chewing, churning) and chemical (enzymes) processes.
- Absorption: The process of transferring the small nutrient molecules from the digestive tract into the bloodstream.
- Elimination (Defecation): The removal of undigested waste materials from the body as feces.
Definition of Circulatory System (Cardiovascular System)
The circulatory system, also known as the cardiovascular system, is the body’s transport network that supplies tissues with oxygen, nutrients, and hormones and removes metabolic waste products.
Organs and Components of Circulatory System
- Heart:A muscular organ that acts as a pump, propelling blood throughout the body. It has four chambers that fill with blood and then contract to push it out into the arteries.
- Blood Vessels:A system of tubes that transport blood.
- Arteries: Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart, branching into smaller vessels.
- Capillaries: The smallest blood vessels where the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste occurs between the blood and body cells.
- Veins: Return deoxygenated blood from the body’s tissues back to the heart.
- Blood:A fluid tissue composed of plasma, red blood cells (oxygen carriers), white blood cells (immune function), and platelets (clotting).
Functions of Circulatory System
- Nutrient and Oxygen Delivery: Delivers vital nutrients and oxygen from the digestive and respiratory systems to all body cells and tissues.
- Waste Removal: Carries carbon dioxide and other waste products from the cells to organs like the lungs and kidneys for excretion.
- Hormone Transport: Moves hormones to their target cells to regulate bodily functions.
- Immune Support: Transports white blood cells and antibodies to help fight infection and disease.
- Homeostasis: Helps maintain a stable internal body environment.
Pharmacology
Pharmacology is the scientific study of drugs and chemicals on living organisms, examining how they interact with biological systems at a molecular level to cause effects. It is crucial for developing safe and effective treatments by understanding a drug’s mechanism, how the body handles it (pharmacokinetics), and its effects on the body (pharmacodynamics). This knowledge is vital for discovering new medicines, ensuring rational drug use in patients, and making personalized medicine possible.
Definition
- A Comprehensive Science:Pharmacology studies the origin, composition, mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, side effects, and toxicity of drugs and other chemicals that interact with living systems.
- A Bridge Science:It connects basic sciences like physiology, biochemistry, and cell biology with medical applications, forming a bridge between drug action and therapeutic outcomes.
- Key Branches:
- Pharmacodynamics: The study of what the drug does to the body, including its effects on molecular targets and physiological responses.
- Pharmacokinetics: The study of what the body does to the drug, such as its absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Importance of Pharmacology
- Drug Discovery and Development:Pharmacology is essential for identifying, synthesizing, and developing new drugs to treat, prevent, or cure diseases.
- Ensuring Drug Safety and Efficacy:It determines the effectiveness of medications and identifies potential side effects, ensuring they are used safely and appropriately in clinical settings.
- Understanding Disease:By understanding how drugs work, pharmacologists gain insight into the molecular and cellular processes of various diseases, which can lead to better treatments.
- Personalized Medicine:Research in pharmacology contributes to the development of personalized medicine, where treatments are tailored to individual patient characteristics, such as genetic background, to improve outcomes and reduce adverse effects.
- Patient Care:Pharmacological knowledge helps healthcare professionals, including nurses and doctors, manage medications, evaluate effectiveness, monitor for side effects, and educate patients and their families about their treatments.
- Addressing Public Health Issues:Pharmacology plays a role in addressing global health challenges by developing drugs for infectious diseases, managing chronic conditions in an aging population, and combating issues like drug resistance.
Anti-ulcer drugs include proton pump inhibitors like omeprazole and pantoprazole, histamine-2 blockers like famotidine and cimetidine, and antacids like aluminum hydroxide. Antihistamines are divided into sedating types such as diphenhydramine and hydroxyzine, and non-sedating types like loratadine, fexofenadine, and cetirizine.
Anti-Ulcer Drugs (Examples)
These medications are used to treat or prevent ulcers and reduce stomach acid.
- Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs): Reduce stomach acid production.
- Histamine-2 Receptor Antagonists (H2 Blockers): Reduce stomach acid by blocking histamine receptors.
- Antacids: Neutralize stomach acid for quick relief.
- Mucosal Protectants: Protect the lining of the stomach and duodenum.
Antihistamine Drugs (Examples)
These drugs are used to relieve allergy symptoms by blocking histamine.
- First-Generation (Sedating) Antihistamines: Can cause drowsiness.
- Second-Generation (Non-Sedating) Antihistamines: Less likely to cause drowsiness.
Steroid Drugs
Steroid drugs (corticosteroids) are synthetic versions of naturally occurring hormones that reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system. Common generic names include prednisone, prednisolone, dexamethasone, and hydrocortisone. Their mechanism involves preventing the production of pro-inflammatory substances, suppressing immune cells, and blocking inflammatory mediators. Steroids treat various inflammatory and autoimmune conditions, allergic reactions, and certain cancers, but long-term use can lead to severe side effects like osteoporosis, Cushingoid features, diabetes, psychiatric disturbances, and weakened immune function.
Generic Names of Steroid Drugs
- Prednisone
- Prednisolone
- Dexamethasone
- Hydrocortisone
- Methylprednisolone
- Fluticasone: (inhaled)
- Budesonide: (inhaled)
- Betamethasone: (topical)
Mode of Action of Steroid Drugs
- Inhibition of Phospholipase A2 (PLA2):This enzyme normally releases arachidonic acid from cell membranes. Steroids inhibit PLA2, which in turn prevents the formation of pro-inflammatory mediators like prostaglandins and leukotrienes.
- Immune Suppression:Steroids decrease the activity and volume of immune cells, reducing the body’s inflammatory and immune responses.
Indications (Uses) of Steroid Drugs
Steroids are used for a wide range of conditions:
- Inflammatory Disorders: Asthma, COPD, eczema, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease (ulcerative colitis, Crohn’s disease).
- Allergic Reactions: Severe allergies and allergic reactions.
- Autoimmune Diseases: Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and myasthenia gravis.
- Cancers: Used in the treatment of some cancers.
- Brain Swelling (Cerebral Edema): Dexamethasone is often used for this purpose.
- Ophthalmic Conditions: Inflammation of the eye.
Contraindications (When to Avoid) of Steroid Drugs
Steroids are generally not recommended in cases of:
- Active Infection: Steroids suppress the immune system, which can worsen an active bacterial, viral, or fungal infection.
- Hypersensitivity: Known allergic reactions to specific steroid drugs.
Side Effects of Steroid Drugs
Adverse effects are common, especially with long-term use.
- Weight Gain and Increased Appetite
- Insomnia and Mood Changes: Including restlessness, mood swings, and even depression or anxiety.
- Gastrointestinal Issues: Indigestion and stomach problems.
- Osteoporosis: Weakening of bones, leading to increased fracture risk.
- Hyperglycemia and Diabetes: Steroids can increase blood sugar levels.
- Immunosuppression: Increased risk of infection.
- Cataracts and Glaucoma: Eye problems can develop.
- Cushingoid Features: Appearance changes associated with prolonged steroid use.
- Myopathy: Muscle weakness.
- Psychiatric Disturbances: Including mood swings, depression, anxiety, and psychosis.
- Cardiovascular Effects: Such as increased blood pressure.
Drug Interactions of Steroid Drugs
Steroids can interact with numerous other medications:
- Drugs that Affect Glucose Levels: Steroids can increase blood sugar, requiring dose adjustments for diabetes medications.
NSAIDs
NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs) like ibuprofen and naproxen block COX enzymes to reduce pain, fever, and inflammation by inhibiting prostaglandin production. They treat conditions like arthritis and headaches but carry risks of gastrointestinal issues (ulcers, bleeding), cardiovascular problems (heart attack, stroke), and kidney damage. Contraindications include heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and late pregnancy, and drug interactions can occur with blood thinners, corticosteroids, and certain blood pressure medications.
Common NSAIDs (Generic Names)
- Aspirin
- Ibuprofen: (e.g., Advil, Motrin)
- Naproxen: (e.g., Aleve)
- Diclofenac
- Celecoxib: (e.g., Celebrex)
- Indomethacin
- Ketorolac
Mode of Action of NSAIDs
- NSAIDs inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, which produce prostaglandins.
- Prostaglandins: are chemical mediators that cause inflammation, pain, and fever.
- COX-1: also produces prostaglandins that protect the stomach lining and help with blood clotting.
- COX-2: produces prostaglandins that are primarily involved in inflammation.
- By blocking COX enzymes, NSAIDs reduce the production of these inflammatory prostaglandins, leading to reduced pain, fever, and swelling.
- Some NSAIDs selectively block COX-2 to reduce gastrointestinal side effects, while non-selective NSAIDs block both.
Indications of NSAIDs
NSAIDs are used to treat a variety of conditions and symptoms, including:
- Headaches and dental pain
- Arthritis and tendonitis
- Muscle stiffness and aches
- Back pain and bursitis
- Menstrual cramps
- Sprains, strains, and other soft-tissue disorders
- Fever reduction
- Preventing blood clotting at low doses
Contraindications of NSAIDs
Do not use NSAIDs if you have:
- A history of stomach ulcers or gastrointestinal bleeding
- Severe kidney disease or dehydration
- Heart failure or have recently had a heart attack
- A known allergy or previous reaction to NSAIDs or aspirin
- Are in the third trimester of pregnancy
Side Effects of NSAIDs
- Gastrointestinal: Indigestion, stomach pain, ulcers, and bleeding
- Cardiovascular: Increased risk of heart attack, stroke, and high blood pressure
- Renal: Kidney injury, fluid retention, and salt imbalances
- Neurological: Dizziness, headache, and drowsiness
- Dermatological: Skin rashes
- Hepatic: Elevated liver enzymes and, rarely, liver damage
Drug Interactions of NSAIDs
- Anticoagulants (e.g., Warfarin): Increases the risk of bleeding when used with NSAIDs.
- Corticosteroids: Increases the risk of gastrointestinal issues.
- Other NSAIDs: Avoid concurrent use to prevent increased risk of side effects.
- Certain blood pressure medications: Can blunt the effect of diuretics and other antihypertensives.
- Methotrexate: NSAIDs can increase the toxicity of methotrexate.
